text types

Question 1

brochure

Answer 1

a document to introduce a company, service, product or organisation and inform its potential customers of the benefits
usually folded pieces of paper that contains crucial information about the product, organisation, company or service

Question 2

characteristics of brochures, flyers, leaflets

produced by, aim, target audience

Answer 2

• produced by people offering a service or product with the intention to sell it and spread the word
• usually colourful and focused on aesthetic design
• aim: to attract customers and increase their consumer base
• target audience: people in need of the product or service offered

Question 3

what do brochures/flyers/leaflets include?

Answer 3

name of the product
intended use of the product
its manufacturer
pictures
ways of contacting the producer, address

Question 4

travel writing

Answer 4

• = a genre of non-fiction writing in which the author describes places they have visited and their experiences while travelling
• the author shares the experiences, observations, and reflections during their travels to different places
• may focus on the personal journey of the author or offer a detailed description of a specific destination
• can take on many forms: books, articles, blogs, …

Question 5

aim, author, target audience of travel writing

Answer 5

• aim: inform and entertain the audience about destinations and trip details ⇒ combines factual information with personal insights
• author: explorers, journalists, adventurers, bloggers, professional writers
• target audience: varies widely depending on the form and content of the text and may include travel enthusiasts, adventureres, explorers, the general public, travel planners

Question 6

formal characteristics of travel writing

layout, viewpoint, structure, information, description, visuals

Answer 6

• commonly uses an immersive layout ⇒ letting the reader vividly experience the trip through the written word
• viewpoint: often documents the personal experiences of someone exploring a new place or country ⇒ often in the first person
• structure: clear headings and subheadings, in chronological order
• information: can present facts and figures, names and dates, historical or architectural or geographical information and more
• description: visual imagery, vivid description, figurative comparisons, in order to help the reader visualize a far-off place
• visuals: photographs, maps, or floor plans of famous locations

Question 7

perspective in travel writing

Answer 7

an outsider’s perspective is common especially if the destination is new, exotic or remote
an insider’s perspective if it is inviting the reader to visit or share an experience in a different part of the world

Question 8

stylistic conventions in travel writing

Answer 8

• first-person narrative (the author shares their personal experience, thoughts, and feelings)
• descriptive language (descriptions of places, people, food, landscapes, and cultures)
• use of metaphors and similes (comparing unfamiliar places to known concepts)
• anecdotes (help engage the reader and make the narrative more relatable)
• use of humor (especially in more informal or blog-style travel writing)
• reflective tone

Question 9

article def

Answer 9

= a piece of writing on a particular subject in a newspaper or magazine, or on the internet

Question 10

six main issues regarding any news

Answer 10

who, what, when, where, why and how

Question 11

magazine def

Answer 11

= a periodical publication containing articles by various writers; especially one with stories, articles on general subjects; usually illustrated

Question 12

authors of magazine articles

Answer 12

produded by publication companies
articles are written by subject matter experts or by the magazine’s own staff writers

Question 13

purpose, target audience of magazine articles

Answer 13

purpose: to inform its readers about certain topics, gossip, stories and provoke thought or sometimes even influence opinion
target audience: enthusiasts, professionals or hobbyists interested in specific topics, on which the magazine is focused on

Question 14

structural characteristics of magazines and magazine articles

Answer 14

magazine: articles, photos and the cover
magazine articles: headline (attention-grabbing) => introduction, lead (hook) => body (often divided into sections with subheadings (greater detail on a certain topic) => conclusion (summarizes the main points or leaves the reader with a thought-provoking question/ending)

Question 15

stylistic conventions of magazine articles

Answer 15

• anecdotes, personal stories
• imagery
• informal language, conversational tone
• terms specific to a certain field/subject
• metaphors, analogies
• descriptive language
• photographs, illustrations
• eye-catching colors

Question 16

newspaper def

Answer 16

= a printed publication, usually issued daily or weekly, consisting of folded unstapled sheets and containing news, articles, advertisements and correspondence

Question 17

authors of newspaper articles

Answer 17

the newspaper is created by a team of journalists, editors and layout designers
articles within the newspaper are then written by individual, different journalists or staff reporters

Question 18

purpose, target audience of news articles

Answer 18

purpose of news articles: to objectively inform the public about current events, doing so clearly and quickly
target audience: varies on the theme, consists of people seeking factual, reliable updates about different situations (mainstream publications ⇒ wider audience; specific information ⇒ smaller audience)

Question 19

structural characteristics of a newspaper article

Answer 19

headline (an idea of the articles content)
inverted pyramid structure ⇒ most important information is presented at the beginning of the article, while towards the end the information is decreasingly important
introduction (main information, often in bold)
body (provides supporting information, background)
quotes from relevant sources
date of publication

Question 20

stylistic conventions of a newspaper

Answer 20

• AP (Associated Press) style of writing ⇒ standardizing grammar, punctuation, language
• short, clear sentences and paragraphs
• objective tone
• images, videos (online), photographs

Question 21

newspaper vs magazine article

Answer 21

1. tone (magazines ⇒ more narrative, opinionated; news ⇒ objective)
2. length (magazines ⇒ longer, more detailed; news ⇒ concise, straight to the point)
3. engagement (magazines ⇒ entertaining, captivating; news ⇒ informative)

Question 22

editorial

Answer 22

leader (UK) = article commonly found in newspapers, magazines, or online platforms that expresses the opinion of the publication’s editorial team, the publisher, or a specific journalist on a particular topic or an issue
provides commentary, analysis, and critique of discussed topics (usually political, social, and cultural issues)

Question 23

aim, target audience of an editorial

Answer 23

aim: offer in-depth commentary and an analysis of recent events or trends, to influence the public’s opinion, to encourage action or change, and to raise awareness
target audience: general readers of news media or a specific newspaper, magazine, website (can range from a broad to a particular group depending on the topic discussed in the article)

Question 24

stylistic conventions of editorials

Answer 24

• persuasive, authoritative tone (convinces readers of the validity of the author’s opinion and establishes credibility)
• language ⇒ formal, clear, concise
• rhetorical devices ⇒ hyperbole, irony, metaphors, analogies, rhetorical questions

Question 25

op-ed def

Answer 25

= a post in a newspaper that appears to oppose the editorial, though it has more recently become a column written by a person not working for the press who is usually an expert on the topic and can, therefore, offer some insight

Question 26

target audience of an op-ed

Answer 26

specific audience that reads the newspaper, groups of people connected to the topic of writing

Question 27

stylistic conventions of an op-ed

Answer 27

* calls for action on a present topic * has a clear purpose, thesis * well argumented * conversational tone, oftentimes contemplative, descriptive, experienced, authoritative * emotive language appropriate for its target audience * clear and concise * rhetorical devices: rhetorical questions, anecdotes, analogies, metaphors

Question 28

memoir

Answer 28

= a narrative, written from the perspective of the author, about an important part of their life

Question 29

types of memoirs

Answer 29

1. transformational memoir ⇒ written after an author has endured a great challenge, theme of redemption 1. confessional memoir ⇒ description of the author's painful secrets about themselves or their family, how these secrets affect people 1. professional, celebrity memoir ⇒ important moments in the author's rise to fame and success 1. travel memoir ⇒ about a time and place through the author's POV

Question 30

target audience of a memoir

Answer 30

those who share similar experiences or perspectives those who oppose the author's views

Question 31

author of a memoir

Answer 31

memoirist ⇒ shares the story from their own past, or the past of a relative, friend or close one, usually comes from the belief that their story is important

Question 32

purpose of a memoir

Answer 32

* a way of coping * spreading awareness, finding people who have been in similar situations * sharing the author’s worldview and wisdom * insight on why a person became who they are (professional memoir) * sway people to take on the author's own perspectives, worldviews

Question 33

formal characteristics of memoirs

Answer 33

* specific focus * structure: introduction – body – conclusion * narrative is story-like * chronological order * slow-paced * follows an emotional journey * specific to a theme

Question 34

stylistic conventions of memoirs

Answer 34

* imagery * first-person narrative * reflective, vulnerable and honest tone * literary devices (metaphors, similes) * emphasis on story-telling

Question 35

how an autobiography differs from a memoir

Answer 35

* a memoir does not span over the entire life of the author * an autobiography primarily focuses on facts

Question 36

interview def

Answer 36

= a conversation including questions and answers that happens between an interviewer and an interviewee recorded in some way

Question 37

purpose of an interview

Answer 37

to inform, to discuss controversial issues and entertain

Question 38

structure of an interview

Answer 38

* introductory context = starts with background information on the interviewee and the purpose of the interview * Q&A format * questions can follow a natural sequence (chronological) or focus on specific themes

Question 39

stylistic conventions of an interview

Answer 39

* direct speech * open-ended questions * consistent tone

Question 40

blog def

Answer 40

= online journal, informational website topical ⇒ about current affairs that people care about

Question 41

author, purpose and target audience of a blog

Answer 41

author: individuals, influencers, industry experts, businesses, organizations, … purpose: share knowledge, promote a brand or service, inform, entertain, inspire, engage, … target audience: general readers, niche interest groups, professionals, potential customers, or fans

Question 42

stylistic conventions of a blog

Answer 42

* conversational tone * first or second person narration * inclusive language * questions, anecdotes to promote engagement * visuals * **SEO** ⇒ include keywords, headings, tags to improve visibility in search engines

Question 43

text type conventions of a letter

Answer 43

* name, date, address * salutation * statement of purpose = short and clear outlining of the reason for writing the letter, usually found in the opening paragraph * register = distance between the writer and recipient * call to action = what the writer would like the reader to do in response to the letter, usually at the end of the letter * closing

Question 44

types of letters

Answer 44

1. formal letter 2. informal letter 3. letter to an editor 4. open letter

Question 45

target audience of a formal letter

Answer 45

organisations, companies, people we don’t know personally and are not intimately connected with them

Question 46

style of a formal letter

Answer 46

use of full sentences, paragraphs, formal labels lack of contractions, abbreviations more complex sentence structure objective, formal language and register use of formulaic expressions (= conversational speech formulas, idioms, proverbs, pause fillers, counting, swearing, and other conventional and multiword units)

Question 47

target audience and purpose of an informal letter

Answer 47

target audience: friends, relatives, romantic interests purpose: to inform, amuse, inquire, request

Question 48

style of an informal letter

Answer 48

* frequent colloquial language * subjective, emotional language * contractions and abbreviations * idiomatic language * anecdotes

Question 49

target audience and purpose of a letter to an editor

Answer 49

* target audience: a magazine or newspaper in response to an article * editors decide which letters to publish, which to discard * purpose: to reflect the opinions of the publication’s readers

Question 50

structure of a letter to an editor

Answer 50

* opening and closing salutations * reference to the original article: title, date, author * a clear statement of the purpose of the letter, the author’s opinion * counter argument, recommendation * call to answer (frequently a rhetorical question) * signature: name, surname, where from the letter was written (for the writer’s context) * brevity: usually brief and state their point immediately

Question 51

style of a letter to an editor

Answer 51

* full sentences and paragraphs * punchy, concise sentences * objective, formal language and register * no contractions * rhetorical questions * criticism of the original article, commending the author and reiterating their points * interesting facts * quotations

Question 52

purpose and structure of an open letter

Answer 52

purpose: to be read by a wide audience or for an individual, but is nonetheless widely distributed structure: letter addressed to an individual but provided to the public through media

Question 53

cartoons vs comics

Answer 53

Cartoons ⇒ just one panel, captures just one specific moment in time Comic (graphic novel) ⇒ multiple panels, captures several moments in time

Question 54

panel vs frame vs gutter

Answer 54

Panel = the individual segment or box that contains a part of the story (the content) Frame = the border or outline around a panel Gutter = the space between panels

Question 55

features of cartoons and comics

Answer 55

* **composition** ⇒ foreground, background, left, right, angle, distance, balance, lines * negative space * **narrative** ⇒ context (time and setting), characters in the panels (clothing, size, hands, feet, face, eyes, gaze, distortion through caricature), plot (emanata, speech bubbles, thought bubbles, voice-over) * **objects and symbols** * **color** * **language**, since cartoons and comics are multimodal texts

Question 56

how are ideas communicated in images and magazine covers

Answer 56

ideas are communicated through signifiers, the message they send are what is signified

Question 57

what can image be?

Answer 57

1. a symbol ⇒ it stands for smth abstract 1. an icon ⇒ it resembles the thing it stands for 1. a logo ⇒ resembles an organisation

Question 58

composition

Answer 58

the author’s arrangement of objects in relation to each other, the use of colour and contrast, the amount of negative space, the use of light and depth

Question 59

visual narrative

Answer 59

an image tells a story when there is a relationship between the signifier and signified

Question 60

anchoring

Answer 60

the process of making an image meaningful by adding words and vice versa

Question 61

key features of a magazine cover

Answer 61

* title (font, placement) * ears and teasers * headlines, captions * photograph * symbols * lighting, color

Question 62

camera angle in photographs

Answer 62

looking up at the subject ⇒ the subject is stronger looking down at the subject ⇒ the subject is weaker

Question 63

body language in photographs

Answer 63

* smiles and teeth ⇒ friendliness * gaze * position of hands * skin (skin means exposure ⇒ showing more skin may be interpreted as vulnerability, sexual ability or athletic ability) * torso

Question 64

gaze in photographs

Answer 64

looking away from the camera ⇒ subject appears aloof, distant, unapproachable looking to the camera ⇒ subject appears engaged with the reader

Question 65

position of hands in photos

Answer 65

crossed arms ⇒ subject appears strong fidgeting ⇒ weakness

Question 66

torso in photographs

Answer 66

subject is leaning forward ⇒ subject appears eager to engage with readers or listeners subject is leaning backward ⇒ subject seems disengaged with readers

Question 67

what are the goals of advertisement?

Answer 67

* to sell a good, service or idea * tries to change our habits and behaviours * aims to change our opinions

Question 68

ambient advertisement

Answer 68

placing visual and interactive advertisements in unexpected places to surprise and entice your audience

Question 69

guerrilla advertising

Answer 69

a company uses surprise and/or unconventional interactions in order to promote a product or service

Question 70

spoof advertisement

Answer 70

humorous advertising that intentionally exaggerates, distorts, or makes fun of a product or service

Question 71

interstitial ads

Answer 71

full-screen ads that cover the interface of their host app

Question 72

advertorial

Answer 72

a newspaper or magazine advertisement giving information about a product in the style of an editorial or objective journalistic article

Question 73

public service announcements

Answer 73

a message shared with the general public that raises awareness about an issue

Question 74

subvertising

Answer 74

the practice of making spoofs or parodies of corporate and political advertisements

Question 75

key features of advertisements

Answer 75

1. visual narrative ⇒ photographs, images 1. copy ⇒ text/words in an advertisement 1. tagline ⇒ catchphrase 1. signature ⇒ use of product’s name and logo 1. slogan ⇒ a phrase used by a product or brand for all of its marketing purposes

Question 76

advertising techniques

Answer 76

1. problem and benefit ⇒ creates a problem you never knew existed and proposing a solution 1. bandwagon effect ⇒ everyone else is doing smth 1. testimonial ⇒ happy customer recommendations, celebrity endorsement 1. association ⇒ products become associated with what it is placed with