Identification
Identifies a particular noun
ποῦ ἐστιν [ὁ] τεχθειὶς βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Par Excellence
A sound out noun
ὁ προφήτης εἶ σῦ;
Monadic
One of a kind
οὕτως γὰρ ἠγάπησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν κόσμον, ὥστε [τὸν] υἱὸν…
Abstract Noun
Particularizes an abstract noun
[ἡ] σωτηρία ἐκ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἐστίν
Previous Reference
Reference back to a previous noun
πόθεν οὖν ἔχεις [τὸ] ὕδωρ τὸ ζῶν
Generic
Generalized idea or group
Προσέχετε ἀπὸ [τῶν] ψευδοπροφητῶν
Personal Pronoun
Functions as a personal pronoun
[οἱ] δὲ εἶπαν αὐτῷ
Relative Pronoun
Functions as a relative pronoun
δοξάσωσιν τὸν πατέρα ὑμῶν [τὸν] ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς
Possessive Pronoun
Functions as a possessive pronoun
ὁ δὲ διεῖλεν αὐτοῖς [τὸν] βίον
Demonstrative Pronoun
Functions as a demonstrative pronoun
[οἱ] ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ…
Alternate Pronoun
Functions as an alternate pronoun
αὐτὸς ἔδωκεν [τοὺς] μὲν ἀποστόλους
No Article - Indefinite
A non-particularized noun
καὶ εἶπεν τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ ἵνα [] πλοιάριον…
No Article - Qualitative
Lists qualities
πλήρης [] χάριτος καὶ [] ἀληθείας
No Article - Proper Noun
Proper nouns may not have an article
[] Παῦλος καὶ [] Σιλὰς…
No Article - Prepositional Object
Nouns in a prepositional phrase may not have an article
Χαίρετε ἐν [] κυρίῳ…
Granville Sharp Rule
When a single article governs two singular, personal, non-proper substantives of the same case that are joined by a καὶ, they frequently refer to the same person
[τοῦ] μεγάλου θεοῦ καὶ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ
Colwell’s Rule
A definite predicate nominative does not usually take the article when preceding the copula (linking verb)
[] θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος
Apollonius’s Canon
When two nouns are in a gen. construction, both the head noun and the noun in the gen. case either have or lack the article
[ὁ] λόγος [τοῦ] θεοῦ
[] λόγος [] θεοῦ
