tHe bAsIcS

Question 1

What is a nutrient?

Answer 1

Any food constituent that helps support life

Question 2

What are the four basic functions of nutrients in the body?

Answer 2

1. Body development and maintenance
2. Energy provision
3. Disease prevention
4. Disease recovery

Question 3

Essential nutrient

Answer 3

Indispensable in the diet!
The body CANNOT synthesize this

Question 4

Conditionally essential

Answer 4

Required during certain physiologic or pathologic conditions (like lifestage)

Question 5

Non-essential

Answer 5

Dispensable - the body can synthesize from other diet components

Question 6

Water functions (3)

This is the most essential nutrient!

Answer 6

1. Solvent and transport
2. Chemical reactions
3. Reg body temp

Question 7

T/F: Water is about 70% of the body composition. 15-20% loss of water can result in death

Answer 7

True! That much loss of water is ~ d e h y d r a t i o n ~

Question 8

Carbohydrates structure (3) and function (4)

Answer 8

Structures: Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, & Polysaccharide

Functions:
1. Energy source
2. Provides form (dry & canned food)
3. Increases food vol
4. Reduces cost of food

Question 9

Bran, beet pulp, soybean, or peanut hull are all great sources of _____ fiber

Answer 9

Insoluble fiber! (fiber = carbs)

Question 10

Three benefits of insoluble carbs/fibers

Answer 10

1. Increases fecal bulk & normalize transit time
2. Increase satiety (fullness)
3. Provide probiotics for intestinal health

Question 11

Protein functions (2-6)

Answer 11

1. Energy source
2. Building blocks:
   - Hormones
   - Enzymes
   - Cell components
   - Antibodies

Question 12

List the 11 essential amino acids

Answer 12

1. Threonine
2. Arginine
3. Tryptophan
4. Isoleucine
5. Valine
6. Lysine
7. Phenylalanine
8. Histidine
9. Leucine
10. Methionine
11. Taurine (cats only)

Question 13

Fat special functions (5)

Answer 13

1. Anti-inflammatory
2. Carrier for vitamins
3. Essential fatty acids
4. Hormone synthesis
5. Palatability

Question 14

T/F: Fat is a component of cell structure but is not an energy source

Answer 14

False! Is it a component of cell structure AND a source of energy

Question 15

Fat produces ___ kcals/g which is the most out of all the nutrients

Answer 15

8.5 kcals/g

Question 15

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Answer 15

Unsat have double bonds (or more) between their C atoms while sat don’t

Question 16

Omega 3’s double bond is at the ____ position while Omega 6’s is at the ___ position.

Answer 16

• Omega 3’s is at the 3rd position
• Omega 6’s is at the 6th position

Question 17

The three essential fatty are…

Answer 17

1. Linoleic (omega-6)
2. a-Linolenic (omega-3)
3. Arachidonic (in cats!) (omega-6)

Question 18

Special functions DHA and EPA do what in animals

Answer 18

1. DHA: Promotes brain development
2. EPA: An anti-inflammatory

Question 19

Fat diet requirement % in cats is ___ and ___ in dogs

Answer 19

9% in cats
5% in dogs

Question 20

Formula for RER

Answer 20

(30 x bodyweight in kg) + 70

Question 21

1 kcal = ____ calories = 1 Calorie

Answer 21

1 kcal = 1000 calories = 1 Calorie

Question 22

DER formula

Answer 22

kcal/day (RER) x DER factor

Question 23

What are vitamins

Answer 23

Organic substance (contains carbon) essential to nutrition

Question 24

Vitamin act as ____ assisting in chemical reactions. They do not provide _____ or act as ____.

Answer 24

1. Act as Coenzymes 2. Do not provide energy 3. Do not act as building blocks

Question 25

What are the two water soluble vitamins? Fat soluble?

Answer 25

1. Vitamin B & C 2. Vitamins A, E, D, K

Question 26

Vitamin A 1. Function 2. Essential 3. Toxicity

Answer 26

1. Function: - Visual proteins (in retina) - Epithelial cell differentiation (lining of skin & organs) - Bone resorption 2. Essential: Cats! 3. Toxicity: Only on high levels

Question 27

Vitamin D 1. Function 2. Essential 3. Toxicity

Answer 27

1. Function: - Ca/P mineral balance - Bone mineralization - Bone resorption 2. Essential: Variable 3. Toxicity: - Can cause kidney failure - Secondary hyperparathyroidism - Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL)

Question 28

Vitamin E 1. Function: 2. Essential: 3. Toxicity:

Answer 28

1. Function: - Biological antioxidant - Membrane (mucus membrane) integrity (scavenger free radicals) - Prevents steatites (inflam. disease) in cats 2. Essential: Cats & dogs, yes! 3. Toxicity: High levels

Question 29

Vitamin K 1. Function: 2. Essential: 3. Toxicity:

Answer 29

1. Function: Blood clotting (vita K is req to do this) 2. Essential: Cats conditionally 3. Toxicity: Minimal

Question 30

Vitamin B 1. Function: 2. Essential: 3. Toxicity:

Answer 30

1. Function: - Cofactors for neuron activity, cell metabolism, & DNA/RNA synthesis - Many vitamins 2. Essential: Cats & dogs conditionally (esp for GI issues by ilium where vita B metabol occurs) 3. Toxicity: Low

Question 31

Vitamin C 1. Function: 2. Essential: 3. Toxicity:

Answer 31

1. Function: - Antioxidant - Collagen proteins: structural integrity of skin & connective tissue 2. Essential: No, can be made from other sources 3. Toxicity: Low

Question 32

What are minerals?

Answer 32

Inorganic substance that are essential to health

Question 33

Minerals do not provide ____ and are important as components of ____ and/or ____ reactions

Answer 33

1. Energy 2. Proteins 3. Chemicals

Question 34

These are all what kind of minerals? 1. Salt 2. Potassium 3. Phosphorous 4. Magnesium 5. Calcium 6. Sulfur

Answer 34

Macrominerals

Question 35

These are all what kind of minerals? 1. Iron 2. Zinc 3. Copper 4. Boron 5. Manganese 6. Selenium 7. Iodine 8. Chromium

Answer 35

Microminerals

Question 36

Macrominerals are measured in ___ while microminerals are measured in ____

Answer 36

Macrominerals are measured in % of diet Microminerals are measured in ppm

Question 37

Nutrient excess: Calcium Disease What it causes

Answer 37

1. Skeletal development disease 2. It causes: - Hip dysplasia - Osteochondrosis

Question 38

Feeding goals (3)

Answer 38

1. Meet energy req to maintain ideal weight 2. Meet water, protein, fat, & vitamin/mineral needs of animals to maintain health and ideal BCS 3. Avoid excessive nutrients that may cause illness or unneeded expense

Question 39

Nutrient excess: Magnesium Common name What it causes

Answer 39

1. Commonly referred to formation of "stones" 2. Causes: - Inflammation - Infection - Minerals in the urine - Urine pH - Breed - Gender