THE BLADDER; INNERVATION

Question 1

• a bag of smooth muscle that stores urine and contracts to expel urine under voluntary control
• a low-pressure system that expands to accommodate increasing volumes of urine without an appreciable rise in pressure
• function appears to be mediated primarily by the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 1

Bladder

Question 2

• there is an accompanying increase in outlet resistance
• bladder muscle (the detrusor) remains inactive during bladder filling, without involuntary contraction

Answer 2

BLADDER FILLING

Question 3

when the bladder has filled to a certain volume, fullness is registered by tension-stretch receptors, which signal the brain to initiate a

Answer 3

micturition reflex

Question 4

controlled by cortical control mechanisms, depending on the social circumstances and the state of the patient’s nervous system

Answer 4

MICTURITION REFLEX

Question 5

• accomplished by voluntary relaxation of the pelvic floor and urethra,
• accompanied by sustained contraction of the detrusor muscle, leading to complete bladder emptying

Answer 5

NORMAL VOIDING

Question 6

three innervation of lower urinary tract

Answer 6

• sympathetic
• parasympathetic divisions of ANS
• neurons of the somatic nervous system

Question 7

plays only a peripheral role in neurologic control of the lower urinary tract through its innervation of the pelvic floor and external urethral sphincter

Answer 7

neurons of the somatic nervous system (external urethral sphincter

Question 8

where does the sympathetic nervous system originates?

Answer 8

thoracolumbar spinal cord, principally T11 through L2 or L3

Question 9

postganglionic neurotransmitter

Answer 9

norepinephrine

Question 10

two types of receptors

Answer 10

1. a receptors
2. b receptors

Question 11

where does alpha receptors located?

Answer 11

located principally in the urethra and bladder neck

Question 12

where does beta receptors located?

Answer 12

located principally in the bladder body

Question 13

Stimulation of α-receptors increases

Answer 13

• urethral tone
  thus promotes closure

Question 14

Stimulation of β-receptors

Answer 14

• decreases tone in the bladder body

Question 15

controls bladder motor function—bladder contraction and bladder emptying

Answer 15

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 16

origin of sacral spinal cord

Answer 16

s2-s4

as the somatic innervation of the pelvic floor, urethra, and external anal sphincter

• Sensation in the perineum is controlled by sensory fibers that connect with the spinal cord at this level

Question 17

is the main neurotransmitter used in bladder muscle contraction,

Answer 17

acetylcholine

Question 18

Controls the bladder storage

Answer 18

Sympathetic

Question 19

Controls bladder emptying

Answer 19

Parasympathetic

Question 20

Plays ONLY a PERIPHERAL ROLE in neurologic control of the lower urinary tract through its innervation of the pelvic floor and external urethral sphincter

Answer 20

Neurons of the SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 21

Controls bladder motor function—>bladder contractions and bladder emptying

Answer 21

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 22

Main neurotransmitter used in bladder muscle contraction

Answer 22

Acethylcholine

Question 23

promotes the bladder to relax (inhibition)

sympa or parasympa

Answer 23

sympathetic system

Question 24

promotes the outlet to contract (stimulation)
sympa or parasympa

Answer 24

parasympathetic system