The Brain

Question 1

Descirbe the brainstem

Answer 1

• Sensorimotor coordination
• Includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla

Question 2

Describe the reticular formation

Answer 2

• Level of arousal
• Sensory input & motor behavior
• Posture & locamotion

Question 3

Describe the cerebellum

Answer 3

• Posture
• Balance
• Coordinating automatic movements

Question 4

Describe the thalamus

Answer 4

• Relay hub for sensory info (except smell)
• Learning/memory
• Cortical arousal

Question 5

Describe the amygdala

Answer 5

• Threat assessment center
• Connects emotion to memory

Question 6

Describe the hippocampus

Answer 6

• Memory formation/retrieval

Question 7

Describe the hypothalamus

Answer 7

• Fight/flight/freeze
• Homeostasis

Question 8

Describe the basal ganglia

Answer 8

• Includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, & sub thalamus
• Initiation of voluntary movement
• Memory formation & related skills, habits, & routinized behaviors

Question 9

Describe the cerebral cortex

Answer 9

• Right hemisphere: visual spatial formation & attention
• Left hemisphere: language & skilled movement

Question 10

Describe the occipital lobe

Answer 10

• Visual processing neurons

Question 11

Describe the temporal lobe

Answer 11

• Auditory processing neurons
• Object recognition
• Long term memory

Question 12

Describe the parietal lobe

Answer 12

• Touch
• Temperature
• Proprioception

Question 13

Describe the frontal lobe

Answer 13

• Process
• Plan for & respond to challenges (problem solving)/movement

Question 14

Describe the prefrontal cortex

Answer 14

• Coordinates every function of the brain
• Highest order of processing

Question 15

What are the 3 major functions of the cerebral cortex

Answer 15

• Sensation: concrete experience
• Integration: reflective observation & abstract conceptualization
• Motion: active experimentation

Question 16

what are the steps in memory formation

Answer 16

• Sensory info
• Encoding: working/short-term memory
• Consolidation: storage, long-term memory
• Retrieval: recall

Question 17

Moving info from short to long-term memory requires further processing of the data

Answer 17

• Active manipulation
• Reflection

Question 18

List some learning strategies

Answer 18

• Rehearsal/elaboration
• Recruiting multiple memory pathways: visual, auditory, kinesthetic
• Emotion
• Attention and arousal: changing your voice/volume, location, direct address
• Context, relevance, personal meaning: facilitates buy-in
• Linking to prior knowledge and experience

Question 19

What are the 2 types of learning

Answer 19

• Declarative
• Non-declarative

Question 20

Describe declarative memory

Answer 20

• Explicit memory
• Semantic: factual info, can speak or write about it, recall info not related to a specific event
• Episodic: remember when & where we learned certain info, more complex form oof memory
• Strategy: elaboration, elaborative rehearsal

Question 21

Describe non-declarative memory

Answer 21

• Implicit memory
• Procedural: skills & habits, basis for motor learning & how we teach movement, needs repetition & practice over long period, less likely to be forgotten
• Emotional: associated with positive/negative arousal
• Strategy: rehearsal, repetition

Question 22

Describe the relationship between aging and memory

Answer 22

• Older adults need more time to process info
• Short term memory may be limited
• Use personally relevant activities & tie these activities to exercise
• Minimize distractions
• Utilize emotion to enhance learning

Question 23

List the strategies for enhancing memory formation

Answer 23

• Rehearsal & elaboration
• Creating context/linking info to prior knowledge
• Recruiting multiple memory pathways
• Active learning strategies

Question 24

Describe rehearsal & elaboration

Answer 24

• Mnemonics
• Group discussions/debriefing
• Reciprocal teaching (patient to caregiver)

Question 25

Describe creating context/linking info to prior knowledge

Answer 25

- Use concrete examples - Creating authentic real world experiences - Standardized patients/simulations - Assisting students/patients in seeing relevance in information

Question 26

Describe recruiting multiple memory pathways

Answer 26

- Visual aids in addition to auditory information - Practicing steps with lab partners - Active reflection (how is the treatment with one patient different from another and why)

Question 27

List active learning strategies

Answer 27

- Hands-on learning - Reflection - Discussion