The Brain

Question 1

Cerebrum (5)

Answer 1

• divided into left and right hemispheres
• encompasses about 85% of brain mass
• most highly developed part of the brain
• responsible for thinking, perceiving, and producing/understanding language
• divided into four lobes

Question 2

Name the four lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 2

• frontal
• parietal
• temporal
• occipital

Question 3

Frontal lobe

Answer 3

Having to do with motor movements, personality, decision making, problem solving and planning

Question 4

Temporal lobe

Answer 4

Having to do with hearing and smell

Question 5

Parietal lobe

Answer 5

Concerned with the reception and processing of sensory info from the body

Question 6

Occipital lobe

Answer 6

Concerned with vision

Question 7

Longitudinal fissure

Answer 7

Separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Question 8

Transverse cerebral fissure

Answer 8

Separates cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum

Question 9

Central sulcus

Answer 9

Separates the parietal and frontal lobes

Question 10

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Answer 10

Separates the parietal and occipital lobes

Question 11

Lateral sulcus

Answer 11

Outlines the temporal lobe, separates it from the parietal and frontal lobes

Question 12

Lateralization

Answer 12

Each hemisphere has abilities not shared with its partner

Question 13

Corpus collosum (3)

Answer 13

• internal connection of cerebral hemispheres consisting of nerve fibers
• allows communication by hemispheres
• largest white matter structure of the brain

Question 14

Brainstem (2)

Answer 14

• controls basic functions such as heart rate, breathing, eating and sleeping
• visual and auditory reflex

Question 15

Cerebellum (4)

Answer 15

• Latin for “little brain”
• roughly 10% of brain mass
• coordination of skeletal muscle contractions
• maintenance of muscle tone, posture and balance

Question 16

Diencephalon (4)

Answer 16

-“Gateway to cerebral cortex”
THALAMUS
-relay stations for all sensory impulses,except smell, to the cerebral cortex
HYPOTHALAMUS
-controls and integrates the Autonomic nervous system
-control body temp, thirst, appetite, emotions, rage, aggression

Question 17

Lambic system (6)

Answer 17

•found in the cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
-functions in the emotional aspects of behavior and short term memory
-functions in association with pleasure and pain
–>consists of a group of brain structures which are involved in emotional expression, memory and motivation
AMYGDALA is important in emotional expressions and learned emotional responses, especially fear
HIPPOCAMPUS plays a key role in the formation of memories

Question 18

Pituitary gland (6)

Answer 18

-secretes hormones that help control
•growth
•blood pressure
•sleep patterns
•metabolism
•pain relief

Question 19

Concussion (3)

Answer 19

• Short loss of normal brain function as a result of head injury
• Ranges from mild to severe
• Symptoms may appear right away or days or weeks later

Question 20

Where do concussions usually appear?

Answer 20

Opposite the side the point of impact

Question 21

Physical side effects of concussion

Answer 21

• Headache
• nausea/vomiting
• dizziness

Question 22

Cognitive side effects of concussion

Answer 22

• feeling mentally foggy
• repeating questions
• difficulty remembering

Question 23

Emotional side effects of concussion

Answer 23

• irritability
• sadness
• nervousness

Question 24

Sleep-related side effects of concussion

Answer 24

• drowsiness
• sleeping less than usual
• trouble falling asleep

Question 25

CTE (4)

Answer 25

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy - a result of "repeated hits to the head" - diagnosed FOR SURE after death (brain autopsy) - anyone exposed to constant head trauma can be exposed to a CTE

Question 26

Result of CTE (3)

Answer 26

- can result in aggression and lack of impulse control (frontal and temporal lobes) - brings on early dementia - head trauma cases a build up of an abnormal protein called tau in the brain (what coroners look for in autopsies)

Question 27

Folds in the brain

Answer 27

HILLS: gyrus (pl. gyri) VALLEYS: sulcus (pl. sulci)

Question 28

Which neurotransmitter is affected by caffeine?

Answer 28

Adenosine | -Caffeine passes through the blood brain barrier and blocks the uptake of adenosine

Question 29

Name 3 small molecule transmitter substances

Answer 29

- Dopamine - Histamine - Serotonin - Acetylcholine - Epinephrine - Norepinephrine

Question 30

What is a neuron?

Answer 30

a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; also called a nerve cell

Question 31

Five main parts of neurons and their functions

Answer 31

- dendrites: receive messages and relay to the cell body - cell body: directs all the nerve's activity - axon: send messages to dendrites - myelin sheath: increases transmission rate from 2 m/s to 120 m/s - pre-synaptic terminal: releases neurotransmitters into the synapse

Question 32

How does the neuron work?

Answer 32

Neurons send messages electrochemically, by ions. (chemicals that are electrically charged + or -)

Question 33

Explain when certain ions are allowed to pass through the various channels

Answer 33

through a semipermeable membrane

Question 34

"All or none" principle

Answer 34

Either the neuron creates action potential and sends a signal or the neuron does not reach the threshold. -All action potentials are the same size

Question 35

How are sodium ions getting in and out of the neuron

Answer 35

Through sodium leak channels that stay open or sodium gated channels which open and close

Question 36

How are potassium ions getting in and out of the neuron?

Answer 36

Potassium gated channels and potassium leak channels

Question 37

When a neuron is stimulated, what happens to the sodium ions and the potassium ions?

Answer 37

sodium ions: rush in | potassium ions: rush out

Question 38

Purpose of a synapse

Answer 38

to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron

Question 39

Difference between an electrical and chemical synapse

Answer 39

An electrical synapse is when an ionic current spreads from one cell to another (influx or efflux of ions through an ion channel). Chemical synapses send signals from one neuron to another through neurotransmitters.

Question 40

The nervous system is made up of what two systems?

Answer 40

central and peripheral

Question 41

What are the two parts of the central nervous system?

Answer 41

brain and spinal cord

Question 42

What are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 42

somatic and autonomic

Question 43

What is the somatic nervous system

Answer 43

peripheral nerve fibers and motor nerve fibers

Question 44

What is the autonomic nervous system

Answer 44

sympathetic and parasympathetic (ie lungs, stomach, fight or flight)

Question 45

Action potential

Answer 45

An action potential occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body. The action potential is an explosion of electrical activity that is created by a depolarizing current.

Question 46

Is caffeine addictive?

Answer 46

Caffeine is a stimulant to the central nervous system, and regular use of caffeine does cause mild physical dependence. But caffeine doesn't threaten your physical, social, or economic health the way addictive drugs do.

Question 47

Cancer

Answer 47

The uncontrollable growth of cells

Question 48

Tumor

Answer 48

A cluster of cells resulting from an uncontrollable growth of cells

Question 49

Benign tumor

Answer 49

Tumor localized in one place in the body

Question 50

Malignant tumor

Answer 50

Tumor that can spread throughout the body

Question 51

Rapidly dividing cells

Answer 51

- white and red blood cells - skin cells - cells of intestinal lining

Question 52

IKA DO WE NEED TO KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT CANCER FOR THE TEST

Answer 52

EMAIL ME ABOUT WHAT YOU THINK!

Question 53

Side-effects of radiation

Answer 53

- Anemia (due to too few red blood cells) - Susceptibility to infection (too few white blood cells) - Hair loss (damaged skin cells) - Nausea (damaged intestinal cells)