the cell

Question 1

a prokaryotic cell has 2 domains

Answer 1

bacteria
archaebacteria

Question 2

eukaryotic cell has 4 kingdoms

Answer 2

protista
animals
plants
fungi

Question 3

commonly used in a collage biology laboratory
- can magnify cells up to approx. 400 times

Answer 3

light microscope

Question 4

have a lower magnification than light microscopes and are used to examine larger objects, such as tissue

Answer 4

dissecting microscope

Question 5

2 types of electron microscope

Answer 5

1. scanning electron microscope (SEM)
2. transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Question 6

cell theory:

Answer 6

1. all living things are composed of cells
2. the cell is the basic unit of life
3. all cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 7

similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 7

1. plasma membrane
2. cytoplasm
3. DNA
4. nucleoid region (prokatotes)
5. nucleus (euka)
6. ribosomes

Question 8

general structure of a prokaryotic cell

Answer 8

1. capsule
2. cell wall
3. cell membrane
4. ribosomes
5. chromosomal DNA is localized in a region called the nucleoid.
6. flagellum
7. pili

Question 9

it is a phospholipid bilayer

Answer 9

plasma membrane

Question 10

a lipid molecule composed of two fatty acid chains, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group.

Answer 10

phospholipid

Question 11

• regulates the passage of some substances, such as organic molecules, ions, and water
• prevents passage or removing others

Answer 11

plasma membrane

Question 12

• Located between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope.
• made up of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals

Answer 12

cytoplasm

Question 13

the site of several metabolic events, including protein production

Answer 13

cytoplasm

Question 14

Within the cytoskeleton, there are three types of fibers:

Answer 14

1. microfilaments
2. microtubules
3. intermediate filaments

Question 15

• thinnest of the cytoskeletal fibers
• function in moving cellular components, for example, during cell division.

Answer 15

microfilaments

Question 16

maintain the structure of microvilli

Answer 16

microfilaments

Question 17

common in muscle cells and are responsible for muscle cell contraction

Answer 17

microfilaments

Question 18

have structural functions, such as maintaining the shape of the cell and anchoring organelles

Answer 18

intermediate filaments

Question 19

• thickest of the cytoskeletal fibers
• Are hollow tubes that can dissolve and reform quickly

Answer 19

microtubules

Question 20

Guide organelle movement and are the structures that pull chromosomes to their poles during cell division

Answer 20

microtubules

Question 21

a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

Answer 21

endomembrane system

Question 22

endomembrane system includes:

Answer 22

nuclear envelope,
lysosomes,
vesicles,
endoplasmic reticulum,
golgi apparatus

Question 23

the ______________ is included in the endomembrane system because it interacts with the other endomembranous organelles

Answer 23

plasma membrane

Question 24

most prominent organelle in a cell.

Answer 24

nucleus

Question 25

The _______ houses the cell’s DNA in the form of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins.

Answer 25

nucleus

Question 26

is a double-membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus

Answer 26

nuclear envelope

Question 27

Both the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are

Answer 27

phospholipid bilayers

Question 28

The nuclear envelope is punctuated with (_________) that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.

Answer 28

nuclear pores

Question 29

combination of DNA and proteins is called

Answer 29

chromatin

Question 30

nucleus parts

Answer 30

1. nuclear envelope 2. nuclear pores 3. chromatin 4. nucleolus

Question 31

aggregates the ribosomal RNA with associated proteins to assemble the ribosomal subunits that are then transported through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm.

Answer 31

nucleolus

Question 32

ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface give it a studded appearance when viewed through an electron microscope.

Answer 32

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 33

synthesize proteins while attached to the ER, resulting in transfer of their newly synthesized proteins into the lumen of the RER where they undergo modifications such as folding or addition of sugars

Answer 33

ribosomes

Question 34

The ____ also makes phospholipids for cell membranes.

Answer 34

RER

Question 35

continuous with the RER but has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface.

Answer 35

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 36

- synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids (including phospholipids), - steroid hormones; - detoxification of medications and poisons; alcohol metabolism; and -storage of calcium ions.

Answer 36

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 37

A series of flattened membranous sacs where sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins take place.

Answer 37

golgi appratus

Question 38

It has a receiving face near the endoplasmic reticulum and a releasing face on the side away from the ER, toward the cell membrane.

Answer 38

golgi apparatus

Question 39

spherical, membrane bound organelles that are generated by the golgi apparatus.

Answer 39

lysosome

Question 40

They contain hydrolytic enzymes, and so function as part of the recycling system of the cell.

Answer 40

lysosome

Question 41

uses their hydrolytic enzymes to destroy disease-causing organisms that might enter the cell.

Answer 41

lysosome

Question 42

membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport.

Answer 42

vesicle and vacuoles

Question 43

membrane of a ______ does not fuse with the membranes of other cellular components.

Answer 43

vacuole

Question 44

______ can fuse with other membranes within the cell system.

Answer 44

vesicles

Question 45

are enzyme complexes that are responsible for protein synthesis.

Answer 45

ribosomes

Question 46

Because protein synthesis is essential for all cells, _____ are found in practically every cell,

Answer 46

ribosomes

Question 47

particularly abundant in immature red blood cells for the synthesis of hemoglobin

Answer 47

ribosomes

Question 48

often called the “powerhouses” or “energy factories” of a cell because they are responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 48

mitochondria

Question 49

The formation of ATP from the breakdown of glucose is known as _______

Answer 49

cellular respiration

Question 50

- are small, round organelles enclosed by single membranes. - They carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids.

Answer 50

peroxisomes

Question 51

They also detoxify many poisons that may enter the body.

Answer 51

peroxisomes

Question 52

what can be found in plant cells only

Answer 52

chloroplasts cell wall plasmodesmata

Question 53

what can be found in animal cells only

Answer 53

centrioles lysosomes centrosomes

Question 54

a rigid covering that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell. Fungal and protist cells also have this.

Answer 54

cell wall

Question 55

the chief component of prokaryotic cell walls is ______

Answer 55

peptidoglycan

Question 56

the major organic molecule in the plant cell wall is _______

Answer 56

cellulose

Question 57

a polysaccharide made up of long, straight chains of glucose units.

Answer 57

cellulose

Question 58

function in photosynthesis and can be found in eukaryotic cells such as plants and algae.

Answer 58

chloroplasts

Question 59

In photosynthesis,______ , _____, and ______ are used to make glucose and oxygen.

Answer 59

carbon dioxide, water light energy

Question 60

The chloroplasts contain a green pigment called _______ , which captures the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis

Answer 60

chlorophyll

Question 61

plays a key role in regulating the cell’s concentration of water in changing environmental conditions.

Answer 61

central vacuole

Question 62

In plant cells, the liquid inside the central vacuole provides_________, which is the outward pressure caused by the fluid inside the cell.

Answer 62

turgor pressure