The cell

Question 1

what are the 3 common features of all living cells

Answer 1

1. A cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer which acts as a barrier between the cell’s internal environment and the external environment.
2. The ability to carry out metabolism to produce energy and make new molecules.
3. Movement

Question 2

what are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes (3)

Answer 2

1. prokaryotes do not contain a membrane-bound nucleus containing genes, whereas eukaryotes all have a membrane-bound nucleus.
2. prokaryotes tend to exist as single-cell entities whereas eukaryotes tend to exist as both single-cell or complex multicellular organisms
3. prokaryotes generally are much smaller than eukaryotes, whereas eukaryotes are generally much larger.

Question 3

what is the structures and function of prokaryotic cells (9)

Answer 3

1. Pili-conjugation (transfer of genetic material)
2. Cystol - signal transduction between membrane and nucleus
3. Flagella - movement
4. Plasmid DNA - carries genes for replicating DNA
5. Nucleoid - regulates growth, reproduction and function
6. Cell membrane - regulates transport inside and out of the cell
7. Cell wall - structural support, shape and acts as a selective barrier
8. Capsule - protective layer
9. Ribosomes - reading mRNA and linking amino acids together

Question 4

what is the structures and function of eukaryotic cells (10)

Answer 4

1. Golgi apparatus - process proteins from the ER
2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) - creation/storage of lipids and steroids
3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - synthesis of various proteins
4. Ribosomes - translation of genes and linking amino acids
5. Receptors for messenger molecules
6. Channels and Transporters
7. Cystol - signal transduction between membrane and nucleus
8. Cytoskeleton - shape maintenance and internal organisation
9. Mitochondria - produce energy in the form of ATP
10. Cell membrane - regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell

Question 5

What is the need for effective cell communication

Answer 5

All cells or tissues support each other for survival and have specific roles essential for the survival of the whole body this is to achieve homeostasis which is the ability of an organism to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes.

Question 6

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 6

process proteins from the ER

Question 7

What is the function of the Smooth ER

Answer 7

Lipid and steroid creation and storage

Question 8

What is the function of the Rough ER

Answer 8

various protein synthesis

Question 9

What is the function of the Cytosol

Answer 9

signal transduction between the nucleus and membrane

Question 10

What is the function of the pilli

Answer 10

gene exchange

Question 11

What is the function of the nucleoid

Answer 11

regulate growth, reproduction and function

Question 12

What is the function of the plasmid DNA

Answer 12

carries replication genes

Question 13

How are proteins synthesised (3)

Answer 13

1. Genes are copied & translated into mRNA in the nucleus
2. mRNA is translated into simple proteins in ribosomes
3. Polypeptides are modified & packaged in the Golgi apparatus

Question 14

What is homeostasis and how it is achieved (2)

Answer 14

1. The ability of an organism to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes
2. All cells/tissues have specific roles & support each other for survival