Microtubules
-Made of tubulin.
-Create pathways for motor proteins such as kinesin and dynein to carry vesicles
-Contribute to the structure of cilia and flagella, where they are organized into nine pairs of microtubules in a ring with two microtubules at the center (9 + 2 structure)
Intermediate filaments
-involved in cell–cell adhesion and maintenance of the integrity of the cytoskeleton; they help anchor organelles
-Common examples include keratin and desmin.
Epithelial tissues
-cover the body and line its cavities, protecting against pathogen invasion and desiccation. -Some epithelial cells absorb or secrete
substances, or participate in sensation.
parenchyma
the functional parts of the organ.
simple epithelia
have one layer
stratified epithelia
have many layers
pseudostratified epithelia
appear to have multiple layers due to
differences in cell heights, but actually have only one layer.
squamous cells
flat and scale-like
Connective tissues
-support the body and provide a framework for
epithelial cells
-secret materials that form the extracellular matrix
-Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood are all connective tissues.
stroma
support structure of organs
Archaea
often extremophiles, living in harsh environments (high
temperature, high salinity, no light) and often use chemical sources of
energy (chemosynthesis) rather than light (photosynthesis). They have
similarities to both eukaryotes (start translation with methionine,
similar RNA polymerases, histones) and bacteria (single circular
chromosome, divide by binary fission or budding).
Cocci
Spheres
Bacilli
Rods
Facultative anaerobes vs Aerotolerant anaerobes
-Facultative anaerobes can survive in environments with or without
oxygen and will toggle between metabolic processes based on the
environment.
-Aerotolerant anaerobes cannot use oxygen for metabolism, but can
survive in an oxygen-containing environment.
Bacterial envelope
The cell wall and cell membrane of bacteria
Gram positive bacteria
-Purple
-thick cell wall of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid.
Gram negative bacteria
-pink
-thin cell wall composed of
peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing phospholipids and
lipopolysaccharides.
Prokaryotic ribosome sizes
30S and 50S
Eukaryotic ribosome sizes
40S and 60S
