The Development Gap

Question 1

What were the negative impacts on Haiti’s economic development?

Answer 1

1) the earthquake affected 50% of the GDP - goods and services which previously contributed towards it have been affected, e.g. agriculture or industry, preventing any further economic growth and development in the short term
2) $700m from grants had been spent by the IADB to build roads and provide water - this was all destroyed in the earthquake and therefore the grants were somewhat wasted. Haiti would need to seek more money to repair the damage. Damaged roads prevent trade and aid from reaching their destinations, further hindering development
3) banks were afraid to open due to security fears meant the impacts on GDP and trading were prolonged

Question 2

What were the negative impacts of the earthquake on Haiti’s social development?

Answer 2

1) looting due to the collapse of the prison and general chaos - the theft of other people’s possessions hinders their standard of living and quality of life
2) many people are now without food, shelter or access to medical care - lacking basic necessities makes it very difficult to advance in life e.g. because food is more of a primary concern than education
3) loss in GDP leads to even less money Bing available for education and healthcare. This will lead to the future population being less educated and more vulnerable if they cannot access schools or hospitals
4) 20% of all jobs were lost after the earthquake

Question 3

What were the positive impacts of the earthquake on Haiti’s development?

Answer 3

1) it gave Haiti a chance to start again and build safer and more sustainable houses, solving the housing problem for future generations
2) the UNDP used $4m to start paying people $3/day to work for two week periods clearing the rubble and roads as well as collecting corpses. 400 people began work straight away. This $3 will then go to the shopkeepers and start passing the money through the economy
3) The World Bank waived payments on debt for 5 years. This allowed the government to not worry about money from the past but focus on the income received from aid in the present

Question 4

Key facts about Haiti earthquake and location

Answer 4

Magnitude 7
220,000 - 316,000 estimated death toll
12th January 2010
Haiti is located in Central America in the Caribbean Islands

Question 5

How do environmental factors affect development? (Give examples and explain why)

Answer 5

1) Natural disasters esp. repeated or combined - countries that have a lot of natural disasters have to spend lots of money rebuilding after they occur e.g. Bangladesh
2) poor farming land (steep or poor soil), limited water supplies, poor climate - all can mean that a country can’t grow and produce as much food. In some countries this can lead to malnutrition (low QofL). People have fewer crops to sell so less money to spend on goods and services (low QofL). This means that the government then has less money from taxes and less to spend on developing the country
3) few raw materials OR don’t have the money to develop the infrastructure to exploit them - make less money because they have fewer products to sell
4) landlocked - harder to trade cheaply

Question 6

Advantages of short term aid for the donor

Answer 6

People give willingly in a disaster - feel good factor

Question 7

Advantages of short-term aid for the recipient

Answer 7

Immediate help - lives saved

Flow of aid may continue following publicity of disaster

Question 8

Disadvantages of short term aid for the recipient

Answer 8

Occasionally, well-meaning governments and organisations fail to provide exactly what is needed

Question 9

Advantages of long term aid for donor

Answer 9

Companies and individuals find satisfying and well-paid work in projects overseas
Trade may continue into the future

Question 10

Advantages of long term aid for recipient

Answer 10

1) new industries improve skills and employment
2) agricultural improvements - new and better crops
3) new infrastructure such as schools and hospitals built
4) trade may continue into the future

Question 11

Disadvantages of long term aid for the recipient

Answer 11

1) tied aid - makes recipient country reliant on donor country
2) local people may not have sufficient skills and training to reach senior posts
3) agricultural change may not be sustainable - level of technology too high
4) lack of money for fuel, spare parts, etc
5) may not be sufficient funding to maintain schools and hospitals to an adequate level
6) local people may lost their land due to large-scale projects

Question 12

Advantages of top-down aid for the donor

Answer 12

Coordinated by government or international organisations - makes donor feel in control

Question 13

Disadvantages of top down aid for the donor

Answer 13

Projects swallow large amounts of money - donors may feel it is wasted

Question 14

Advantages of top down aid for the recipient

Answer 14

Capital-intensive - aims to improve country as a whole

Large projects e.g. Dams, improve national infrastructure

Question 15

Disadvantages of top down aid for the recipient

Answer 15

1) most ordinary people do not benefit directly
2) NGOs have a lack of coordination
3) can undermine governments own efforts
4) difficult to know exactly how much to produce - can lead to shortages or over-production
5) ignores local needs

Question 16

Advantages of bottom-up aid for the donor

Answer 16

NGO aid, so individuals give to charity - feel good factor

Feeling of direct link between donor and recipient e.g. Sponsorship schemes like ActionAid

Question 17

Advantages of bottom up aid for the recipient

Answer 17

1) NGOs work with recipient communities, who have input into the project
2) every member of community asked for their opinion
3) money not lost to corruption
4) NGOs there for guidance
5) appropriate technology used, so projects are sustainable

Question 18

Disadvantages of bottom up aid for the recipient

Answer 18

1) charity funds may reduce in economic recession
2) difficult to expand such projects to cover a wider group of people
3) limited funds, rely on donations
4) difficult to sustain its benefits in the long term

Question 19

Advantages of bilateral aid for the donor

Answer 19

Tied aid - donors can choose where money is going

Question 20

Advantages of bilateral aid for the recipient

Answer 20

Good for countries that are e.g. ex-colonies of the U.K.

Question 21

Disadvantages of bilateral aid for the recipient

Answer 21

Goods may not be best suited to the real development needs of the country and people e.g. Dams and power stations, high in prestige but low in value to ordinary people

Choice of recipient country based on political reasons rather than basis of need e.g. ex-colonies

Question 22

Advantages of multilateral aid for the donor

Answer 22

Money given to international organisations with specific interest who will target specific issues e.g. WHO, UNICEF, UNESCO, World Bank

Question 23

Advantages of multilateral aid for the recipient

Answer 23

Development projects pay more attention to the development needs

Question 24

Disadvantages of multilateral aid for the recipient

Answer 24

Large organisations are often slow to change and do not always target the real needs of people in poor countries

Question 25

What are some problems with water quality?

Answer 25

1) often water sources are contaminated with human and animal waste that can lead to water borne diseases such as typhoid and diarrhoea 2) water pollution from factories and contamination of water supplies - can be toxic chemicals

Question 26

Statistics about water quality

Answer 26

1.5m children a year die from a lack of clean water 80% of all illnesses in developing countries can be traced back to contaminated water supplies

Question 27

What are problems with water quantity?

Answer 27

1) women and girls set out each morning to fetch water, may have to walk for hours - therefore not at school or work 2) struggles for access to water can cause conflicts e.g. river nile 3) overuse of water in irrigation systems or in rearing animals 4) if people don't have access to clean water, they will have to use water from wells and rivers (bad quality)

Question 28

How do problems with water quality and quantity (social factors) make global inequalities worse?

Answer 28

Quality: illnesses reduce people's quality of life and ability to work Quantity: people going to collect water instead of going to school or work

Question 29

What is corruption?

Answer 29

The abuse of entrusted power for private gain. It can be classified as grand, petty and political, depending on the amounts of money lost and the sector where it occurs

Question 30

How can political corruption and unstable governments exacerbate global inequalities and hinder development?

Answer 30

1) dictatorship may not have interests of people as a concern compared to a democracy where people have a say 2) wealth distributed unevenly - government leaders take most of be money while the rest of the population live in poverty 3) money being spent on war, not on improving development 4) taxes are not spent on the people and services 5) governments focusing on issues about leadership rather than on improving the lives of people 6) aid spent on things that don't benefit people e.g. Dams and big projects

Question 31

What is the CPI scale?

Answer 31

Corruption Perceptions Index 0-100 50 = corruption is not a serious problem

Question 32

What are conditions for corruption?

Answer 32

1) an exploitable natural resource 2) scarcity of public assets 3) low wages in the public sector 4) high levels of state intervention/planning 5) high income inequality 6) inefficient administrative and judicial systems

Question 33

What is standard of living?

Answer 33

The access people have to the necessities in life or a measure of their material wealth. They are measurable, tenable factors - quantitive index.

Question 34

What is quality of life?

Answer 34

The personal view of what people value in life and how happy they are with their lot. Thus not 'measurable' - a qualitative view.

Question 35

What are the limitations of single measures of development?

Answer 35

1) Economic indicators can be inaccurate for countries where trade (the exchange of goods and services) is informal (not taxed). They're also affected by exchange rate changes (they're often given in USD) 2) social indicators are more difficult to measure but they give a better indication of quality of life. Also, there aren't any indicators for important social factors like human rights. 3) the measures can be misleading when used on their own because they're averages - they don't show up elite groups in the population or variations within the country. Using more than one measure or HDI avoids this problem. 4) some factors take into account the population size e.g. China's GDP per capita might be lower because 1.3 billion people live there. 5) death rate may be higher in MEDCs due to ageing population.

Question 36

What is trade?

Answer 36

The exchange of goods and services between countries

Question 37

What is a trade surplus

Answer 37

When a country's exports are greater than its imports and therefore, it gets wealthier

Question 38

What is trade deficit?

Answer 38

When a country's imports and greater than its exports. It may build up debts and therefore, get poorer

Question 39

What are imports

Answer 39

The goods that one country but from another

Question 40

What are exports

Answer 40

The goods that one country sells to another

Question 41

What is the balance of trade?

Answer 41

The difference between exports and imports

Question 42

Why is there a global imbalance of trade?

Answer 42

1) Poor trade links - when a country only trades a small amount with a few countries it won't make a lot of money so there is less to spend on development 2) Economy based on primary products - you don't make much profit by selling primary products 3) Primary product dependency - prices can fluctuate so if there a low prices for the product, the price could fall below the cost of production, meaning the country has less money

Question 43

What are trading groups?

Answer 43

Where several countries group together with reduced trade barriers for the purpose of trying to increase the volume and value of their trade

Question 44

How can trading groups help poor countries, therefore reducing the imbalance of global trade?

Answer 44

1) tariffs can be eliminated - a poorer country can pay less for imported goods, therefore saving money to spend on development 2) if countries group together they can ask for higher prices for their goods, therefore making more money

Question 45

How could trading groups be bad for poor countries that aren't in the trading group?

Answer 45

Poorer countries can sometimes not export their goods easily to countries that are part of a trading group which reduces their export income They have to pay tariffs on all imported goods, therefore they have less money

Question 46

Give some examples of trading groups

Answer 46

EU NAFTA ASEAN

Question 47

What are the two main aims of the World Trade Organisation

Answer 47

To supervise the implementation of trade agreements | To settle trade disputes

Question 48

What is fair trade?

Answer 48

A system whereby agricultural producers in developing countries are paid a fair price for their produce. This aims to help them to achieve a reasonable standard of living

Question 49

How does fair trade help reduce global inequalities?

Answer 49

1) buyers of fair trade products also pay extra on top of the fair price to help develop the area where the goods come from eg build schools or health centres 2) only producers that treat their employees well can take part in the scheme - can't discriminate on sex or race and employees have to have a safe working environment, this improves quality of life for the employees 3) helps farmers develop business skills - sustainable 4) allows farmers direct market access

Question 50

How can fair trade have a negative affect on poor countries?

Answer 50

Fair trade producers can often produce too much because of the good prices they are given. An excess will make world prices fall and cause producers who aren't in a fair trade scheme to lose out

Question 51

What is a conservation swap?

Answer 51

When countries are relieved of debt in exchange for commitments to invest in local conservation initiatives. Designed to benefit tropical forests that are important for communities and nations

Question 52

How can debt abolition and conservation swaps help to reduce global inequalities?

Answer 52

By getting rid of of a country's debt they have more money - reduces economic gap between the rich and poor countries Can use be money to develop country - education and healthcare improved people's quality of life

Question 53

What is aid?

Answer 53

The donating of resources such as money, food, medicine, knowledge or helpers to areas in need. Can be either short term or long term

Question 54

What is sustainable development?

Answer 54

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Question 55

What kind of development projects can long term aid be spent on?

Answer 55

Schools - improve literacy rates Hospitals - reduce mortality rates Providing farming equipment and knowledge to improve agriculture

Question 56

How do international aid donors encourage sustainable development?

Answer 56

Invest in renewable energy - reduces environmental impact of using fossil fuels Educate people about their environmental impact - reduces things like air and water pollution Plant trees in areas that have been affected by deforestation - makes sure there are still trees to use in the future

Question 57

Give some examples of aid projects that contribute to sustainable development

Answer 57

1) the EADD 2) PeePoo bags - turning human waste into fertiliser, benefitting environment and people 3) WaterAid - teaching skills, using local materials 4) SolarAid - replacing kerosene lamps with solar power 5) Trees for Future - planting trees combat soil erosion, flooding and drought

Question 58

What is the East African Dairy Development (EADD) part of, where is it located and who organises it?

Answer 58

The White Revolution. East Africa - Uganda, Kenya and Rwanda Heifer International

Question 59

What is the White Revolution and what are its aims?

Answer 59

The White revolution is a surge in milk production based on low-level technology that started in India in the 1970s Aims: to allow people to make the most of the resources they have and increase the livelihoods of the rural poor by improving heir nutrition and incomes through employment How: by improving the generic stock of dairy cattle, providing veterinary care, providing information to farmers and keeping the milk cold

Question 60

What is the main aim of the EADD?

Answer 60

To double the real incomes of 179,000 smallholder farmers (1 million people) by the end of the decade (2020)

Question 61

Why are urbanisation and population growth leading to an increased need for dairy production in East Africa?

Answer 61

Urbanisation - the people in the cities require feeding and he rely can afford better and more varied diets not traditionally consumed in sub-Saharan Africa Population Growth - East Africa could have a population of 711 million by 2050 and therefore there is a need to increase food quantity and quality in terms of protein content

Question 62

Who finances the EADD?

Answer 62

The Bill and Melinda Gates foundation | the World Bank

Question 63

Who is benefitting from the EADD?

Answer 63

Smallholders, widows, small-scale farmers, 4 million people in East Africa

Question 64

Outline the work of Heifer International in Rwanda

Answer 64

- NGO that received $43m in grants in order to donate pregnant heifers rather than sacks of milk powder to needy farmers - In Rwanda 1200 pregnant heifers were donated to 600 families between 2008 and 2012 - Farmers received intensive training on how to care for the animals eg pasture the cows and processing meat and milk - Biogas cooking and lighting systems set up for 120 families

Question 65

How is the work of Heifer International sustainable?

Answer 65

- when recipient farmers donate the calf to neighbours, the system becomes sustainable as increasing numbers of local people benefit - pregnant cows produce offspring, who will also produce milk, which future generations can sell - training is sustainable as knowledge can be passed down - sustainable renewable energy

Question 66

Outline the work of The Hub in the EADD

Answer 66

A full circle of dairy services which aims to deliver the services that are needed to succeed e.g. 535 animal health workers and 320 breeding technicians They are aimed to establish more chilling centres to avoid the milk from spoiling in the heat

Question 67

What are the socio-economic effects of the EADD

Answer 67

- people can keep their children in school with the earnings from selling milk - once they earn enough, individuals are able to enlarge their heads and employ other people to tend to their herd - locally produced food is better for the economy than paying for expensive imposed from overseas - biogas lighting systems allow children to work on homework later - increases literacy rates - $131m earned in milk sales by farmers

Question 68

Environmental effects of the EADD

Answer 68

- use of biogas and lighting systems are environmentally friendly - environment is being appropriately managed for the cattle - the natural environment of East Africa is well-suited to dairy farming therefore working with nature rather than against it eg they are not trying to grow cotton

Question 69

Political/Economic impacts of the EADD

Answer 69

A healthier population (increased protein consumption) helps to reduce disease contraction and so a better educated population means social and economic development should be easier, which in turn creates work and employment and raises the tax base of the country. Reduced aid dependency over time means the country can increase its GDP

Question 70

What measures of development tend to correlate with each other?

Answer 70

1. Birth rate and levels of development. 2. A country with low GNP per capita is likely to be less economically developed. 3. Richer governments are likely to have a higher HDI.

Question 71

Differences between SoL and QoL:

Answer 71

SOL is quantitive, QOL is qualitative. SOL relates to access to clean drinking water source, % with electrify, calorie intake etc. where as QOL relates to happiness, peace and freedom.

Question 72

Why do different parts of the world have different perceptions of QoL?

Answer 72

* Role of conflict - lack of peace (as we see it) becomes more normal. * Different starting points * Social norms - e.g. Marrying young in Yemen being desirable for family wealth but due to emancipation in the UK for example it is uncommon and not desirable. * Different levels of aspirations for a job (wages and job satisfaction). * Communism - taught to be content with your lot, everyone is equal. * Concerns for providing for your family - poorer parts of the world care less about school fees and more about providing water. * What people around you have - that is what you strive for.

Question 73

What are different ways of classifying the world?

Answer 73

First, second and third world Brandt line MEDC vs LEDC Five-fold division - rich industrialising, oil-exporting, newly industrialising, former centrally planned, heavily indebted

Question 74

Example of an attempt made by people in a poorer part of the world to improve their quality of life? Describe it

Answer 74

Bhutan - tiny, remote and impoverished kingdom, mainly Buddhist culture, low GDP per capita of $7,000, low literacy rate 52%, generally bad measures of development which would suggest a low quality of life YET it is referred to as 'the happiest country' Bhutan is run on the philosophy of Gross National Happiness - every human should aspire for happiness, being with others, sharing interests, participating in cultural life - leads to strong community feeling, healthy family relationships, strong sense of values - overall being happier

Question 75

What solutions do Water Aid provide for problems with water quality and quantity?

Answer 75

Campaigning locally, nationally and globally Rainwater harvest tanks Rope pump goes deep into the ground Set up local committees and teach them how to build the pumps - sustainable as knowledge is passed down

Question 76

Why is the UK more developed than Bulgaria?

Answer 76

The climate is temperate and there aren't many droughts - creates good conditions for farming improving local and the national economy It has good trade links, the UK has been a major trading centre for hundreds of years - high number of exports and good imports, good for economy The UK has well-developed manufacturing and service industries e.g. insurance which are very profitable - improves economy It has had a more stable political past with governments that invest in services and infrastructure to help the people

Question 77

Why is Bulgaria less developed than the UK?

Answer 77

There are droughts in the summer and high snowfall in the winter, Bulgaria is also very mountainous e.g. the Rhodope mountains cover 12,223km2 of Bulgaria and the land in the mountains is steep and had poor soil - both make farming difficult, worsening the economy Bulgaria was a communist country between 1944 and 1990 - the government didn't invest in developing the economy There have also been problems with political corruption since 1990 - this hinders development

Question 78

Statistics to show differences in level of development between the UK and Bulgaria?

Answer 78

2007 GNI per head: Bulgaria $11800, UK $33800 Life expectancy: Bulgaria 73 UK 79 HDI: Bulgaria 0.824 UK 0.947

Question 79

What are the attempts made by the EU to reduce levels of development between member countries?

Answer 79

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Structural Funds The URBAN Community Initiative

Question 80

How is the EU trying to develop Bulgaria?

Answer 80

SAPARD (Special Accession Programme for Agriculture and Rural Development) - gives money to Bulgaria and two other countries to invest in agriculture Funds earmarked for Bulgaria have been partially frozen until the government shows its making progress in fighting corruption

Question 81

How does the CAP try to reduce differences in levels of development within the EU?

Answer 81

1) Farmers are subsidised to grow certain products 1) When food prices are low, the EU buys produce and guarantees farmers a reasonable income 3) It puts a high import tax on foreign produce so people in the EU are more likely to buy food produced in the EU, protecting farmers, so they are able to sell their produce 4) Increases funds to the Rural Development budget which provides funding for rural areas * All of these help improve farmers' quality of life and standard of living

Question 82

How do Structural Funds try to reduce differences in levels of development within the EU?

Answer 82

1) Gives financial support to under-developed and e economically weak EU regions 2) Provides specific aid for countries due to join the EU 3) Provides money for research and development, improving employment opportunities, reducing discrimination and improving transport links

Question 83

How does the URBAN Community Initiative try to reduce differences in levels of development within the EU?

Answer 83

1) Money is given to certain EU cities to create jobs, reduce crime and increase the area of green space e.g. parks