how can the endocrine system refer to the extremities
- thyroid and reproductive indirectly into extremities
pulmonary system refer to extremities
- Pancoast tumor
- indirectly into the UE
integumentary system refer to extremities
- burns
- rashes
- wounds
immunologic system refer to extremities
- directly can refer to extremities
cardiovascular system refer to extremities
- can refer directly into extremities
hepatic system refer to extremities
- liver : into shoulder
- indirectly into extremities
urogenital system into LE
- into gluteal region
- indirectly into legs
gastrointestinal system refer into extrmeities
- into gluteal region and hip
- indirectly into leg
metabolic syndrome
- name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for heart disease and other health problems, such as diabetes and stroke
- the term “metabolic” refers to the biochemical processes involved in the body’s normal functioning
risk factors for metabolic syndrome
- heart disease
- lipid problems
- hypertension
- type 2 diabetes
- dementia
- cancer
- polysystic ovarian syndrome
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Peripheral vascular disease
- PVD refers to any disease of the circulatory system outside of the brain and heart. occlusive disease of the arteries of the LE
- often used as a synonym for peripheral artery disease (PAD). PAD is a form of PVD
Pathophysiology of PVD
- arterial narrowing –> decreased blood flow = Pain
- pain results from an imbalance between supply and demand of blood flow that fails to satisfy ongoing metabolic requirements
risk factors of PVD
- diabetes
- male
- smoking
- family hx
- > 50 yr
- obesity
- sedentary
- HTN or high cholesterol
** Combination of diabetes and smoking almost always results in more severe disease
atherosclerosis
- most common cause of PVD
- occurs when fatty material builds up inside the arteries and mixes with calcium, scar tissue and other substances
- mixture hardens slightly , forming plaques
symptoms of PVD
- dull and cramping pain
- heaviness
- night pain
- buttock pain
- numbness, tingling or weakness in the legs
- burning or aching pain in the feet or toes while resting
- a sore on a leg or a foot that will not heal
- one or both legs or feet tingling cold or changing color
- loss of hair on the legs
- impotence
allen test
- ask the patient to make a tight fist with one hand then compress both radial and ulnar arteries firmly between your thumbs and fingers
- ask the patient to open the hand into a relaxed position, the hand should be pale
- release your pressure over the ulnar artery
- if the ulnar artery is patent, the palm will flush in within 3-5 seconds
- patency of the radial artery can be tested by releasing the radial artery while the ulnar artery is still compressed
capillary refill
- capillary refill time
- normal = <2 seconds
Wells CPR for DVT
- active cancer
- paralysis, paresis or recent plaster immobilization of the LE
- recently bedridden for 3 days or more, or major surgery within the previous 12 weeks requiring anesthesia
- localized tenderness along the distribution of the deep venous system
- entire leg swelling
- calf swelling at least 3cm larger than asymptomatic leg (measure 10 cm below tibial tub)
- piting edema
- collateral superficial veins
- previous DVT
- subtract 2 if there is an alternative diagnosis at least as likely as a DVT
Wells scoring for DVT
- high probability if score > 3
- moderate if score is 1-2
- low if score is 0
Hodgkin’s disease/ lymphoma
- type of cancer of the lymphatic system.
- it can start almost anywhere in the body.
- it is believed to be caused by HIV, Epstein-barr syndrome, age and family history
non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- usually malignant cancer
- it is caused by the body producing too many abnormal white blood cells. it is not the same as Hodgkin’s disease
lymphadenitis
- infection of the lymph nodes usually caused by a virus, bacteria or fungi.
- symptoms include redness or swelling around the lymph node
lymphangitis
- inflammation of the lymph vessels.
- symptoms usually include swelling, redness, warmth, pain or red streaking around the affected area
lymphocytosis
- a high lymphocyte count
- it can be caused by an infection, blood cancer, lymphoma, or autoimmune disorders that are accompanied by chronic swelling
