The Heart

Question 1

What is the heart?

Answer 1

1. Muscular organ
2. Main pump of the body
3. Site of attachment of the great vessels

Question 2

How does the heart lie?

Answer 2

1. Oblique lie at approximately 45 angle degree towards the left side
2. Sits slightly left of the sternum

Question 3

What is the apex of the heart?

Answer 3

1. Projects inferior, anterior, and left
2. Formed entirely by LV

Question 4

What is the base of the heart?

Answer 4

1. Projects superior and posterior
2. Pulmonary and aortic vessels sit superiorly

Question 5

What is the cardiac cycle?

Answer 5

Rhythmic cycle (chambers alternatively contract and reflex)

Question 6

What is one complete cardiac cycle?

Answer 6

one heart beat. (One systole and diastole)

Question 7

What are the two types of heart valves?

Answer 7

1. Artrioventrocular valves (2)
2. Semilunar valves (2)

Question 8

Each heart valves contains what?

Answer 8

1. A ring or annulus
2. Leaflets

Question 9

The AV leaflets also have what?

Answer 9

Papillary muscles and chordae tendinae. These structures serve as anchors for the AV leaflets

Question 10

What are the atrioventricular valves?

Answer 10

1. Inflow valves
2. Blood flows from the atria into ventricles
3. Opens during ventricular diastole

Question 11

What are the two AV valves?

Answer 11

Tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid)

Question 12

What are the semilunar valves?

Answer 12

1. Exit ports of the ventricles
2. Valves between the ventricles and great vessels
3. Contains three crescent shaped cusps
4. Open during ventricular systole

Question 13

What are the two semilunar valves?

Answer 13

Aortic and pulmonary

Question 14

What are the three layers of the wall?

Answer 14

1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

Question 15

What is the epicardium?

Answer 15

1. Outer layer
2. Smooth, thin visceral layer

Question 16

What is the myocardium?

Answer 16

1. Middle layer
2. Thick, contractile muscle

Question 17

What is the endocardium?

Answer 17

1. Inner layer
2. Thin membrane lining the chamber

Question 18

What does the vena Cava do?

Answer 18

Return deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart. Specifically into the right atrium

Question 19

What is the superior Vena Cava?

Answer 19

Formed by the union of the right and left brahchiocephalic veins

Question 20

What is the Inferior Vena Cava?

Answer 20

1. Formed by the union of the common iliac veins
2. Carries blood from the abdomen to the right atrium

Question 21

What is the right atrium?

Answer 21

1. Receives the IVC and SVC
2. AV valve (tricuspid) located at the outlet
3. Located anterior in the chest cavity

Question 22

What is the Tricuspid valve?

Answer 22

1. Located between the right atrium and right ventricle
2. Contains three leaflets or cusps
3. HAs a vertical orientation

Question 23

What is the right ventricle?

Answer 23

1. Receives blood from the right atrium
2. Has an anterior position in the heart
3. Ejects blood into the pulmonary artery
4. Contains chordae tendinae and papillary muscles

Question 24

What is the pulmonary valve?

Answer 24

1. Semilunar valve
2. Three leaflets
3. It’s the outflow valve from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

Question 25

The pulmonary valve is positioned anterior to what?

Answer 25

Aortic valve

Question 26

What is the pulmonary artery (trunk)?

Answer 26

1. Originates at the right ventricle 2. Divides into right and left pulmonary arteries 3. Carries de-oxygenated blood away from the heart into the lungs

Question 27

What do the lungs do?

Answer 27

Remove carbon dioxide and add oxygen to the blood

Question 28

What are the pulmonary veins?

Answer 28

1. Four veins in total 2. Superior and inferior veins from each lung 3. Carries oxygen rich blood to the left atrium

Question 29

What is the left atrium?

Answer 29

1. Receives oxygenated blood via the four pulmonary veins 2. Most posterior part of the heart 3. Interatrial septum divides the atria medially

Question 30

What is the mitral valve?

Answer 30

1. Located between the left atrium and ventricle 2. It is a bicuspid valve

Question 31

What does the bicuspid valve consist of ?

Answer 31

1. Two unequal leaflets - anterior (larger) - posterior (smaller)

Question 32

What does the left ventricle do?

Answer 32

Receives blood from the left atrium via the mitral valve

Question 33

What does the left ventricle contain?

Answer 33

Contains chordae tendinae and papillary muscles

Question 34

What is the Aortic valve?

Answer 34

1. Located between the left ventricle and aorta 2. Positioned posterior to the pulmonary artery 3. Is a semilunar valve: contains 3 leaflets

Question 35

What is the thoracic aortas direction?

Answer 35

Travels superiorly, curves posterior and then dives inferior towards the diaphragm

Question 36

What are the three branches of the aortic arch?

Answer 36

1. Brachiocephalic artery 2. Left carotid artery 3. Left Subclavian artery

Question 37

What are the coronary arteries?

Answer 37

1. Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscles 2. Allows for continual contraction and relaxation of the heart

Question 38

How does the coronary arteries run?

Answer 38

1. Arise just above the cusps of the aortic valve. 2. Right and left coronary arteries

Question 39

What is the electrical activity of the heart like?

Answer 39

1. Electrical input initiates heart contraction and relaxation 2. Impulses start in right atria and travels towards ventricles

Question 40

What is the path of the electrical pulse?

Answer 40

1. Starts contraction in the right atrium at the SA node (Sinoatrial node) 2. Impulse travels along a nodal pathway 3. Moves from the SA node to the AV node (atrioventricular AV node) 4. From the AV node onwards to the AV bundle (bundle of his) 5. AV bundles branch into right and left bundles along the inter ventricular septum 6. Impulses continues to the purkinje fibres in ventricular muscles