A&P 400 > The Integumentry System > Flashcards

The Integumentry System Flashcards

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0
Q

What 4 tissues make up the skin?

A
  • Nerve
  • Muscle
  • Epithelial
  • Connective tissue
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1
Q

What systems exist in the integumentary system?

A
  1. Skin aka “cutaneous membrane”: includes epidermis and dermis
  2. Accessory Structures - hair, oil, sweat glands, and sensory receptors
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2
Q

How thick is the entire system?

A

1-2 mm thick

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3
Q

Functions of the Integumentary system

A
  1. Regulates/maintains body temp.
  2. “Stores” blood
  3. Protection - Innate Immune System
  4. Detects sensations/sensory info
  5. Excrete/absorbs susbstances
  6. Sythsizes Vit D
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4
Q

The Cutaneous Membrane consists of:

A
  1. Epidermmis - superficial/thin, epithelial tissue, avascular
  2. Dermis - Deep/thick, connective tissue, vascualar
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5
Q

Vascular portion of Cutaneous Membrane

A

Dermis

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6
Q

Avascular portion of Cutaneous Membrane

A

Epidermis - , bottom layer has cells dividing, thus not entirely asvascular

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7
Q

Which layer is NOT a part of the skin?

A

Subcutaneous or hypodermis

Conatins:

  • consists of areolar and adipose tissue
  • blood vessel passage
  • “pressure sensing” nerve endings
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8
Q

What type of cells make up the Epidermis layer?

A

Squamous Epithelial cells

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9
Q

What are the 4 principle cell TYPES that make up the epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Langerhans cells
  4. Merkel cells
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10
Q

Purpose of Keratinocytes

A
  • produce keratin; protects skin from heat, microbes, and chemicals
  • produce lamellar granules; act as waterproofing for skin

In Epidermis

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11
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • produces pigment melanin, colour of skin

- protects skin from UV rays

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12
Q

Langerhans Cells

A
  • Immune response, derived from Red Bone Marrow
  • Consists of epidermal Dendritic cells, B cells, Macrophages

Epidermis

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13
Q

Merkel cells

A

Sensory cells

consist of tactile Merkel discs

Epidermis

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14
Q

5 LAYERS of the Epidrmis:

A 
Deepest
1.Stratum Basale (Germinativum)
2. Stratum Spinosum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Lucidum (only in palms and soles of feet)
5. Stratum Cerneum
Superficial
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15
Q

Keratinization

A

-replacement of cell contents with Keratin (protein)

Stems cells produce keratinocytes; as keratinocytes are pushed upwards through layers, they fill with keratin

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16
Q

The Dermis layer consists of:

A
  • consists of Connective Tissue & Dense Irregular Tissue
    Thick layer, thicker than epidermis

Contains:

  1. Fibres - collagen & elastic
  2. Cells - fibroblasts, macrophages, fat cells
  3. Hair follicles, glands, nerve/blood vessels
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17
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

strength, flexibility

found in parallel bunches

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18
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

Strong & stretchy

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19
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Secrete the fibers and ground substance of extracellular matrix

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20
Q

Macrophages

A

engulf bacteria and cellular debris via Phagocytosis

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21
Q

Fat cells

A

Store lipids

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22
Q

Majors regions of the Dermis

A

A. Papillary

B. Reticular

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23
Q

5 Layers from deepest to superficial of the Epidermis

A
  1. Stratum Basale (Germinativum)
  2. Stratum Spinosum
  3. Stratum Lucidum
  4. Stratum Corneum
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24
Stratum Basale
(Germanativum) - Deepest layer, contains Merkel cells, Melanocytes, keratinocutes, and Stem cells. These divided repeatedly to produce Keratinocytes - Keratinocytes have "Tonofilaments" = produce Keratin in sup. layers - When this portion of skin is damaged, no new skin can grow
25
Stratum Spinosum
- Provides strength/flex by cell held together by Desmosomes - "Spiny appearance - Melanocytes & Langerhans cells are present Melanocytes are absorbed by Keratinocytes
26
Stratum Granulosum
- Middle layer, divides metabolic cells from dead cells - Apoptosis occurs here - Kerinocytes here contain protein Keratohyaline = converts tonofilamets into Keratin - Keratinocytes contain lamellar granules that release lipids that repel H20
27
Stratum Lucidum
Dead cells | - ONLY present in fingers, soles of feet, palms; places that have extrat friction. Adds tough layer
28
Stratum Corneum
- Dead skin cells with Keratin & Lamellar Granular lipids to repel H2O - Protects deeper layers from light, heat, water chems, bacteria - Callus can form here when there's extra friction
29
Keratinization
As Keratinocytes are pushed up through the strata layers, they undergo the process to become keratin. (Tonofilaments + Keratohyaline)
30
The Dermis
- Dense Irregular C.T., thick - Made up of Collagen & Elastin - Has stretch and recoil - Fibroblasts and Macrophages - 2 Regions: Papillary and Reticular
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Papillary Region
Dermis - contains Meissners ( touch, sensory) corpuscles and Capillaries - anchors Epidermis to Dermis
32
Reticular Region
Dermis - Collagen fibers (resists stretch) - Fibroblasts, macrophages, - B.V. nerves, sebaceous glands, suderiferous glands, ducts/hair follicles
33
Epidermal Ridges
Finger prints - in areas of high friction (fingers/hands/feet) - increases friction for touch sensation (Meissner Corpuscles)
34
Melanin
- converts Tyrosine to Melanin - UV increases production - same # of melanocytes in everyone, but different amount of pigment are produced
35
Carotene in dermis
- in Stratum Corneum & Dermis | - precursor of Vit A
36
Hemoglobin
Red, O2 carrying pigments in blood cells
37
Psoriasis
Rapid division and movement of kertinocytes thorough epidermal strata
38
Albinism
Inability to produce Melanin or Tyrosinase ( rate limiting enzyme controlling production of Melanin)
39
Vitiligo
- Complete/partial loss of melanocytes from patches of skin | - could be auto-immune
40
Skingrafts
- Needed when new skin cannot regenerate if Stratum Basale is damaged 2 types: Autograft: skin taken from another part of body to replace damaged skin Isograft: taken from twin
41
In which Epithelial Layer is Melanin absorbed?
Stratum Spinosum
42
What Is a Callus?
-Abnorm thickening of Stratum Corneum b/c of increased friction = increase Keratin production
43
Dandruff
Excessive amount of Keratinized cells shed from Epidermis
44
Psoriasis
- Chronic skin disorder, knees, elbows, scalp | - skin sheds at rapid rate, (3-5 days) Keratinocytes don't have time to mature = abnorm Keratin which forms flaky scales
45
Skin Grafts
Needed when Stratum Basale is destroyed. Usually taken from another region of body
46
Stretch Marks
Dermal B.V.s and collagen fibres break when skin is overstratched resulting in growth of scar tissue "white streaks"
47
Tension lines/lines of cleavage
indicate direction of underlying collagen fibres
48
Albinism
inability to produce pigment - Melanin/melanocytes & tyrosinase, (rate limiting enzyme controlling melanin production).
49
Age Spots
accumulation of melanin over time due to sun exposure
50
Vitiligo
Complete or partial loss of melanocytes from patches of skin
51
Erythema
redness, enlargement of capillaries in dermis during inflam
52
What parts of the body are the most rapid areas for Transdermal Drug Administration?
Scrotum, face, Scalp - thinnest skin in the body
53
Pressure Soars aka Decubitus Ulcers
"Bed soars" caused by break in blood flow to an area under pressure, causes necrotization
54
What is the growth cycle of hair?
1. Growth Phase: 2-6 yrs, matrix cells are producing 2. Regression Phase: 2-3 wks, matrix stopd, hair follicle stops 3. Resting Phase: 3 mths, old hair falls out, new growth begins 85% of scalp hair are in "growth phase"
55
What type of hair does a fetus have in utero
Lanugo hair - fine, nonpigmented, cover entire fetus
56
what type of hair does fetal Lanugo hair turn into before birth?
Terminal hair - heavily pigmented hair on eyelids, scalp, eyebrows Vellus hair - "peach fuzz" replaces hair on rest of body
57
At puberty, Vellus hair replaced by:
Terminal hair - to face, pubic, limbs, and chest
58
what hormone stimulates hair grown in males at puberty?
ANDROGENS
59
The base of a hair follicle is called:
The bulb
60
List two hair related structures
Arrector Pili: mm in dermis, contract with cold/fear, goosebumps Hair Root Plexus: Sensory dendrites/neuron that detect hair mvmt "how you can feel mosquitos"
61
What is the hair root Plexus?
Dendrites/neurons, detect hair mvmt and sensory touch
62
The hair follicle consists of:
1. External Root Sheath - cont. of epidermis | 2. Internal Roots Sheath
63
What is the function of the site and function of the Hair Matrix
- Exist in the Medula, located in the Bulb | - Site for cell division, Stratum Basale
64
What are the two types of Melanin that produce hair colour?
1. Eumelanin: brown to black 2. Pheomelanin: yellow to red Hormones affect growth/loss of hair
65
Chemotherapy
rapidly kills dividing cells of hair matrix 15% of hairs in "resting stage" are not affected
66
Alopecia
partial/complete loss of hair from chemo, genes, age, endocrine disorder
67
Hirsutism
"wolf boy" - excessive hair growth all over body - caused by tumor in adrenal galnds, increases Androgen production
68
Androgenic Alopecia
male pattern baldness
69
What are the 4 phases of wound healing?
1. Inflam phase: blots clots form, epithelial cells migrate, vasodialation allow increased Phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts) 2. Migratory Phase: epithelial cells bridge wound, Fibroblasts form scar tissue, revascularaztion, GRANULAR TUSSUE=COLLAGEN +GLYCOPROTIENS 3. Proliferation Phase: growth continues 4. Maturation Phase: Fibroblast disappear, Collagen fibres organize, B.V.srestored, scab sloughs off
70
Function of skin (6)
1. Thermoregulation 2. Blood Reesvoir 3. Protection 4. Cutaneous Sensation 5. Synthesis of Vit D 6. Excretion / Absorption
71
4 types of glands
1. Sebaceous - Oil, produces Sebum 2. Sudeferous - Sweat, Apocrine (puberty, along hair follicle, B.O.), Eccrine (own gland in epidermis, devel. at birth) 3. Ceruminous - Wax, Sebum + Ceruminous = Cerumen 4. Mamillary - milk
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