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The terror Flashcards

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1
Q

When and why did the war expand

A

Feb 1793

spain, portugal, the united provinces and Great Britain all joined the war

the war of the First Coalition

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2
Q

how did the new war go for France

A

badly.

France loses at Neerwinden and Louvain in March

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3
Q

When and how big was the Levy of troops ordered

A

24th February 1793

levy for 30,000 men

created discontent in the vendee and other areas

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4
Q

What were the demands of the sans-culottes protestors led by Roux when were they active

A

Feb + March 1793

known as the enrages

demanded price controls

angry about the inflation caused by the war

convention was at first not happy with this

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5
Q

When did the vendee rebellion start

A

March 1793

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6
Q

Why did the Vendee rebellion start

A

motivated by the actions of the chouans

angry at the conscription levy

religious resentments and new bourgeoise land owners replaced church lands

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7
Q

What was the significance of the Battle of Neerwindend and when did it happen

A

March 1793

serious French military defeat

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8
Q

When did the Federalist revolts start?

A

March 1793

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9
Q

What areas were involved in the federalist revolts?

A
  • Lyons: protest of worsening quality of life since revolution due to collapse of silk industry
  • Bordeaux: arrest of Jacobin leaders and overthrow of local commune (protest of tax + price controls)
  • Marseille: release of royalist prisoners and arrest of jacobins
  • Toulon: local garrison allowed british fleet/troops to enter town in support of rebels. Hanging of 24 Jacobins. Pledge of allegiance to kings brother
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10
Q

Were the federalist revolts really federalist?

A

federalist revolts were actually localised disorder of grievances

mostly protesting parisian dominance

mostly central propaganda to quash revolts easier by poising them as enemies of the revolution

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11
Q

When were the representatives en mission appointed and what was their role? Who were the made of?

A

they were appointed in March 1793 to quash the federalist revolts

made up of sans culottes

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12
Q

examples of violence used to quash the federalist revolts

A

Toulon: 26,000 rebels shots

Les noyades in the river Loire - 2,500 drowned

Use of the revolutionary tribunal to effect quick justice
Lyon: 106 by executions by firing squad and 79 by guillotine

Nantes: 6,000 prisoners starved to death

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13
Q

How did the fedralist revolts increase terror

A

Move towards complete violence and legitimising mob/anarchist violence in the name of the revolution

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14
Q

When was the revolutionary tribunal set up, what was its impact?

A

March 1793

to try counter revolutionaries

set up the instruments of the terror and facilitated the execution of the terror

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15
Q

When was the CPS created and what was its role

A

April 1793

intially created as a supervisatory body, to protect against enemies of the state

became the de facto executive government

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16
Q

What was the impact of the CPS

A

makes power even more centralised, dominated by the radical (at the time) Danton

centralisation facilitates the terror by meaning mdoerate voices are less listened too, also driving scepticism and a desire to hold onto power for those who are in the committee

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17
Q

When did Dumouriez defect and what was the impact?

A

April 1793

associated with the Girondins, so added as another fault of theirs, more of an excuse for montangards to purge their opposition

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18
Q

What was Marat tried and acquitted for? What group accused him and what group supported his acquittal?

A

inciting murder, pillage and attacking the convention’s authority

Girondins accused

montangards wanted acquittal

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19
Q

When was Marat tried and acquitted?

A

April 1793

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20
Q

What was the effect of Marat’s acquittal

A

reinforced factional divisions and accelerated the fall of the girondins

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21
Q

When was the first law of maximum introduced and why

A

4 May 1793

helps the montagnards in their plots to take down the Girondins

gives montagnards increased legitimacy as representatives of the people

gives them sans culottes support - carriers of the revolution

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22
Q

When did Robespierre call for a rising against the Girondins in the convention? Who did he call up and why?

A

26th May

called the sans-culottes to rise against the convention and taking girondins out of the convention

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23
Q

When did the sans-culottes revolt against the girondins in the convention? What happened?

A

2nd June 1793

80,000 armed citizens came outside convention hall protesting Girondins in convention

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24
Q

What was the score sheet against the girondins?

A
  • exile not execution
  • against price controls
  • trial of marat
  • accused of federalism
  • hostile to sans culottes and parisiaan dominance
  • dumouriez
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25
What was the impact of the rising against hte Girondins
- Girondins purged from the convention - further fueled federalist revolts - solidifed powers of the jacobins and the CPS
26
When was Marat murdered? who murdered him? effect?
13 June 1793 Murdered by a Girondins sympathiser increased discontent towards girondins increased radicalisation and fueled Montangards
27
When was the new constitution produced? Did it get ratified? What did it declare?
24th June 1793 - universal suffrage - popular sovereignty got suspended by the committee of public safety
28
How many department participated in a federalist uprising in June 1793? What prompted them? What did the revolters do?
60 department prompted by the purging of the girondins and centralised control in paris aswell as sans culottes arresting representatives en mission
29
When was Robespierre elected to the CPS? list two other members
27th July 1793 Saint-just, Couthon
30
Why did the federalist revolt in Toulon get much more serious in August 1793? What happened?
They let an Anglo-Spanish fleet into the city
31
When was the Levee en masse and what was it?
August 1793 mass conscription in response to the worsening war situation in fear of enemies "all frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the service of the armies" - basically saying that the French need to dedicate themselves completely to the republic
32
What happened when the sans-culottes marched on the convention on the 5th of September 1793?
Terror was declared the order of the day and two SC members of the CPS were added: d'Herbois and Billaud-Varennes
33
When was terror declared the order of the day? What prompted this?
5th Septembr 1793 prompted by sans-culottes marching on the convention
34
What is the significance of terro becoming the order of the day on the 5th of September 1793?
significance is that terror becomes officical government policy, facilitating terror
35
When was the Law of suspects introduced, why did it increase terror?
17th September 1793 increased terror because the burden of proof was shifted from the government to the people - guilty until proven innocent also meant that anyone who did not activley outwardly support the revolution would be considered a suspect
36
When & why was the second law of maximum (law of general maximum introduced, why did it increase terror
29th September 1793 partly in response to the insurrection on the 5th of september and pressure from new SC members of CPS introduced more price controls demonstrative of the SC controlling government
37
When were the armee revolutionaire introduced, what was their goal?
september 1793 armies made up of sans culottes goal was to confront counter-revolutionary activity and organise the defence of the republic CPS viewed them as necessary to combat federalsit revolts and enemies of the revolution, however, saw them as too powerful and didnt like they were infringing on their own powers
38
When were the show trials? Who was killed? why?
October 1793 Marie Antoinette, Bailly and Barnave (prominent politicians), Brissot, madamme roland executed because they represent counter revolution
39
What do the show-trials suggest about the direction of the revolution
that terror was becoming uncontrolled and anarchic CPS insisted it was vitally necessary to stamp out royalists and federalists
40
How many were killed during the trials in october/November 1793
3000 in paris, 1400 in the provinces
41
When was the Emergency Government Decree? What was it?
10th October 1793 suspended new constitution and declared the CPS had executive authority over france
42
When was the revolutionary calender introduced and what did it look like?
October 5th 1793 change from gregorian calender to the revolutionary calender: 12 months of 30 days, 3 periods of 10 days/month - so no day of rest
43
When did the Paris commune declare dechristianisation an official policy? Examples of this taking place
October 1793 figures on the front of notre dame cathedral were all beheaded 21st October 1793: all non-juringg priests to be killed on sight 10th November 1793: Festival of Reason at Notre Dame Convetion: 6,000 to 20,000 renounced priesthood
44
Examples of the growing power of the sans-culottes during Autumn 1793
Roux and the Enrages call for more economic controls Hebert and the Hebertists encourage dechristianisation October: all non-juring priests to be killed on sight paris commune, festival of reason
45
Examples of the war improving by December 1793
September 1793: Battle of Hondschoote October 1793: Wattignies Representatives en mission deal with federalsist revolts and vendee rebellion siege of Toulon pushes British out December 1793
46
When did the economy start to stablilise, why?
October 1793 - General maximum - upturn in war situation bringing in pillages from the war hondschoote and wattignies - national emergency centralising economic control
47
What did the convention declare about religion in December 1793
declared formal recognition of religious freedom trying to curb paris commune and SC power
48
When was the Law of 14 Frimaire and what did it declare?
December 1793 (or 14 Frimaire year 2) curbed power of armee revolutionaire centralised CPS power and terror Representatives en mission recalled to power
49
Who ousted the British from Toulon? When?
Napoleon December 1793
50
When were the laws of Ventose? What did they declare?
1794 declares property of traitors would be confiscated
51
When was Robespiere's speech on virtue and terror? What did he say?
February 1794 he argued there had to be sacrifice in order to acheive a 'Republic of virtue' and that should be the ultimate aim
52
When were Hebert and his supporters executed? why? Impact?
24th March 1794 reason given: accused of being foreign agents but really: R uncomfortable with growing power of SC demanding more price controls demanding mroe dechristianisation impacts: gave more pwoer to R and CPS and curbed SC power over government and decision making
53
When were Dantons and Desmoulins executed? What reasons were given? In reality?
5th April 1794 guilty of corruption and caccused of factional interests growing calls for lenience and accusations R was turning France into a tyranny Sceptical of a Republic of virtue
54
What was the significance of Danton and Desmoulins being executed?
original revolutionaries, and radical revolutionaries being executed, proof that power lied essentially with R and that terror was growing out of control
55
What new religious policy was introduced on the 7th of May 1794
the cult of supreme being in an attempt to curb dechristianisation cult to celebrate republican virtues attempt to establish central control over religious ceremonies
56
When was the first festival of the cult of supreme being? significance?
8th June 1794 it contradicted atheistic rhetoric of the revolution - alienating radicals alienated the CGS and increased tensions in the CPS increased thoughts R was becoming a tyrant - also parallels to a king and the divine right as the king being the direct link to God also alienated christians
57
When were provincial revolutionary tribunals closed? what was the effect of this?
8th May 1794 made convictions easier and centralises power even further making terror even easier to execute
58
When was the Law of 22 Prairial. What did it declare? What % found guilty before and after?
- citizens were obliged to denounce any subjects - trials must not take more than 3 days - no witnesses or defence. - only two possible verdicts: acquittal or death - convention deputies' immunity from prosecution disappeared 75% found guilty after the law compared to 50% before the law
59
When was the "Great Terror"? How many were killed? What % of each class?
June-July 1794 1,515 Clergy: 6.5% vs 25% Noble: 8.5% vs 35% Bourgeoise: 80% vs 40$ important: much more class based than previously - radicalisation of the revolution
60
Examples of France continued success in war June-July 1794
Federalist revolts dfeated Army onthe offensive: Battle of Fleurus 26th June 1794
61
When did Robespierre stop attended the CPS? Impact?
July 1794 for 3 weeks increased suspicion
62
When was Robespierre's last speech in to the convention? what did he say? Impact?
accused different groups including the CGS if icbsourubg against public liberty he suggested that purges would be needed to clense France and even attacked CPS led to violent exchanges in which R refused to name those who he was accusing
63
What happened on 9 Thermidor?
Saint just ready to give a speech interrupted and accusations rallied against Robespierre making chants of 'down with the tyrant' a decree to arrest Robespierre passed unanimously
64
Who else was arrested on the 9th Thermidor
R's brother, Saint just, Couthon and Le Bas
65
What was the Paris commune's reaction
attempted to raise a contignent of the National Guard to defend Robespierre, but failed to gather support from the sections
66
When was Robespierre killed? How many others were killed?
10th thermidor 22 associates guilltoined a further 71 death sentences pronounced the following day
67
How many of the Paris commune members lost their lives?
87/95
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