What was education like pre 1918?
- Education provided by LEA’s
- LEA’s paid teachers wages, provided free school meals to children from poor families, ensured the upkeep of school buildings and monitored teaching standards
What was the 1918 education act?
- Based on Lewis report which was complied during WW1
- A new school leaving age of 14
- New tier of county colleges to provide vocational training for school leavers up to age of 18 (Employers had to release young workers to attended one day a week but not always the case due to costs)
- Curriculum divided into practical and advanced instruction
- Costs transferred away from LEA’s to central gov resulting in improvement of teachers’ salaries and pensions
What two types of schools were there between 1918-39?
Elementary schools - providing children with basic education up to age of 14
-Secondary and tech schools - educating children to age of 16
What was the 1926 Hadow committee? Why was it unsuccessful?
- Highlighted the diversity of educational provision in different areas
- Recommend raising age to 15 + abolition of elementary schools and the division into primary and secondary with children transferring at 11
- costs and responsibility for education had been devoted to local authorities
What was the state of secondary education in the interwar period?
- Only really available to middle+upper classes as education only compulsory up to 14
- 1939 only 13% of working class children 13+ were in school
- only 20% of children were in some form of secondary education in 1931
What were grammar schools?
-Created by 1918 act
-Academic curriculum based on fee-paying public schools
+Provided excellent education
+Provided scholarships to poor and smart children
-Based on wealth not skill
-Needed to be earning a decent wage to attend
What did WW2 highlight?
- Highlighted the huge division between the classes in terms of education
- The poor were unable to access the education that the children of the middle class enjoyed and as a result they remained stuck in cycles of poverty
- Grammar schools did increase number of free places however the other costs such as uniform and transport increased making it unaffordable for many
What was the 1936 education act? Effective?
- specified a day in 1939 for raising leaving age to 15
- provided grants of 50-70% for denominational schools to provide additional secondary places
- Act nullified by WW2
What was the 1938 Spens report?
First to recommend the tripartite system
What was the 1944 education act?
-State secondary schools would no longer charge fees and costs would come out of general taxation
-Education up to 15 compulsory
-Tripartite system created:
Grammar schools = Provided a route into greater education opportunity for many poor children if they could pass 11+
secondary modern = Taught poorer middle class kids, had less money to spend and therefore worse. 75% went to them in post-war but in 1964 only 318 were entered for A levels
Secondary Tech = Intended to educate scientifically inclined middle class kids but few were built due to costs
Impact of 1944 act?
For first time millions of poor children had a free and compulsory secondary education and girls were also able to attended
What were comprehensive schools?
- Included all children regardless of ability
- They could offer equality of educational opportunity
- Give students opportunity to transfer between streams of attainment and different courses
- More flexible and offer more courses
What was the Crowther report (1959)?
- Looked into education for people aged 15-19
- Intended to:
- raise age to 16
- create county colleges for post 16
- Create more tech colleges
- Attract better sixth form teachers
- Enable all O level capable students to take O levels
- Increases amount of teachers
- Treat all pupils equally and prepare them for uni
- Increase amount of sixth form courses
What was the Newsom Report (1963)?
- Made for average or less able children between 13-16
- Recommended:
- New focus on teaching methods to help kids who struggled at school
- More attention should be paid to teaching deprived kids and social development (sex education etc)
- A working party in parliament should be set up to examine the links between deprivation and poor education attainment
- More practical subjects should be provided for less able kids
1) What happened to comprehensive schools from 1955?
2) What was Labour’s opinion on selection?
1)
-Started to grow
-1955 16 comprehensive and 1180 Grammar
-1980 3297 comprehensives and 224 Grammar
2)
-Hated it and wanted to abolish it by getting rid of 11+ exam
-Believed it created social divide
What was the 1976 education act?
- Wilson wanted to abolish Grammar schools and replace them with comprehensive ones by ended funding for non-comprehensive schools
- However he faced huge backlash from middle class and instead just demanded that LEA’s submit proposals for making their schools comprehensive (Did not compel them to act)
What did the Plowden report recommend?
- Banning corporal punishment
- Giving children more freedom in classroom instead of forcing them to sit in chairs
- Encouraging teachers to help and advise rather than lecture
+/- of progressive education?
+Friendlier less strict schools that were more welcoming allowed educational attainment to increase
+Outstanding educational results
+Gave children more freedom and more of a say in how the school was run
-Created chaotic classrooms were very little was taught
-Very little schools were like this however the media publicised it saying the new methods were failing
What were the Black papers?
-Brain cox and Tony Dyson published series of essays criticising the decline in the teachers authority in the classroom
What was the ‘Yellow book’?
- Callaghan’s report into the education system
- stated that school discipline had declined and curricula did not prepare pupils to take up productive roles in the economy
1) What was the Ruskin speech?
2) What did it start?
1)
-Callaghan delivered a speech at Ruskin collage stating that:
-progressive education failed when it was applied incorrectly
-Did not wish to return to rote learning of 1950’s
-New National curriculum should be established that all schools follow
-Teachers should be more closely scrutinised and inspected
2)
The great debate which called for education provide school leavers with the skills they would need in an increasingly technological and competitive world
What concerns were there about education in the late 1970’s?
- Many felt that comprehensives were to large, impersonal and failed many pupils
- They didn’t offer relevant curricula for life outside of school
What was the state of uni’s in the 1920’s and 1930’s?
- Diverse and expanding uni education provision
- Oxford and cambs were still for privileged but provincial unis increasingly took on more middle-class and bright working-class students
- The students were funded mainly through grants and scholarships offered by LEA’s and charities
What happened to uni funding in the 1920’s?
- Became directly funded by the gov
- Gov increased the levels of grants to unis but also increased its scrutiny of how unis were managed
- Gov did not overly interfere and amount of financial aid offered only amounted to 1/3 of uni funds. Rest came from fees and endowments
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Theme 1 - Economy43
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Theme 1 - Changing Industrial Relations29
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Theme 1 - Changing Political Fortunes1
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Theme 2 - Education35
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Theme 2 - Welfare: Provisions23
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Theme 2 - Welfare: Public Health28
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Theme 3 - Class And Social Values30
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Theme 3 - Race And Immigration34
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Theme 3 - Women10
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Theme 3 - Leisure And Travel25
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Theme 4 - Changing Living Standards29
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Theme 4 - TV, Film And Popular Culture1
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Thatcher - Economics12
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Thatcher - Politcal And Social Division22
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Thatcher - Politcal Impact13
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Thatcher - Roll Back Of State And Public Intervention20
