theoretical background

Question 1

inductive arguments

Answer 1

argument incorporating the claim that
>it is improbable that the conclusion be false
> given that the premises are true

Question 2

deductive arguments

Answer 2

argument incorporating the claim that:
> it is impossible for the conclusion to be false
> given that the premises are true

Question 3

what are examples of deductive argument forms?

Answer 3

• argument based on maths
• agrument from definition
• categroical syllogism (all, no, some)
• hypotheical syllogism (if… then)

Question 4

what are examples of inductive argument forms?

Answer 4

• prediction
• argument from anaolgy
• generalisation
• agrument from authority
• argument basde on signs
• causal inference

Question 5

how can deductive arguments be evaluated?

Answer 5

> valid deductive argument
= impossible for the conclusion to be false, given that the premises are true

> invalid deductive argument
= possible for the conclusion to be false, given that the premises are true -> conclusion does not follow with strict necessity from premises

> sound argument
= deductive argument that is true and has all true premises

> unsound argument
= deductive argument that is either
(1) invalid
(2) has one or more false premises
(3) both

Question 6

how can inductive arguments be evaluated?

Answer 6

> strong inductive argument
= inductive argument in which it is improbable that the conclusion be false, given that the premises are true

> weak inductive argument
= argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises

Question 7

what do inductive arguments depend on?

Answer 7

• uniformity of nature
  = future tends to replicate the part and regularities in one region tend to prevail in other regions
  = ultimate basis for our judgements, about what we naturally expect to occur
• total evidence requirement:

Question 8

what is the total evidence requirement

Answer 8

premises must not exclude or overlook some crucial piece of evidence that undermines the stated premises and requires a different conclusion

> cogent argument (meets)
= strong + all true premises
uncogent argument (doesn´t meet)
= weak + one or more false premises

Question 9

what does distribution refer to?

Answer 9

a term (subject/ predicate) is distributed if the statement includes every member of a group

Question 10

when is P distributed?

Answer 10

E
O

(right row)

Question 11

when is S distributed?

Answer 11

A
E

(upper row)