Stuart Hall
Stereotypes
Reduction of people to a series of codes
Exist where there are inequalities of power
Gives a lot of information in a short amount of time
Stuart Hall
The grammar of race
3 representations of black people
Clown trope
Native trope
Slave trope
Bell Hooks
Intersectional feminism
Firmly believes we live in a patriarchal society
All women suffer prejudice - sexism
Not all women are equal due to class or race
Paul Gilroy
Post colonial theory
View ethnic minorities through a lens of otherness - dehumanise
Everyone has slight racism
Racial hierarchy
David Gauntlett
Traditional ideas around gender
More diverse range of stars which we can pick and mix our own identites
Van-Zoonen
Spectacle/Behavioural theory
Men and women’s bodies are presented as spectacle
Women - sexual
Men - strong
Women - domestic/home
Men - work/politics
Judith Butler
Sex and gender aren’t always linked
Gender is performative
It is perpetuated through ritual
Laura Mulvey
Male gaze
Camera dissects and objectifies women for the pleasure of the male audience
Camera observes women in a way of a heterosexual male
Manuel Alverado
4 Tropes
Humerous
Dangerous
Pitied
Exotic
Roland Barthes
Semiology
Study of signs
Sign = signified
Denotation + Connotation
Polysemic sign - multiple meanings
Anchorage - stops having multiple meanings
Roland Barthes
Structuralism
Narrative codes
Hermeneutic code - question audience wants answers to
Proaretic code - clues as to what will happen
Cultural codes - references, cultural capital, age
Semic code - images/colours to create deeper meaning
Symbolic codes - writerly text - audience finds message with a deeper narrative
Steven Neale
Genres
C + C
Specific topic that categories media
C+C - a set of expectations about the media they will consume
Iconographic codes - visual
Aural codes - hear
Technical codes - camera/editing
Character conventions
Narrative conventions
Steven Neale
Quote
Genres are made up of a set of instances of repetition and difference and difference is essential for the economy of genre
Steven Neale
Genre cycle
1) Prototypical - prototype
2) Saturation/Classical - imitation, saturate genre
3) Revisionist/Post modern
4) Parody
Albert Bandura
Media effects model
Hypodermic needle model
Media that has a direct impact on the people that view it
Passive audience - can’t make up their own minds
Active audiences - can make up their own minds
George Gerbner
More frequently we’re told something more passive we become to the idea
Mean world syndrome - believe our world to be worse than it is
Symbolic annihilation - less frequent so therefore we’re less likely to believe it
