what type of interpretation of development did Freud have?
- pyschosexual
- personality
what are Freud stages of development?
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latency
- genital
when and what did Freud’s oral stage consist of?
- birth-1 year
- eating, mouthing, biting
when and what did Freud’s anal stage consist of?
- 1-3 years
- expelling
- withholding feces (toilet training)
when and what did Freud’s phallic stage consist of?
- 3-5 years
- genitals
when and what did Freud’s latency stage consist of?
- 5 years to puberty
- child’s sexual impulses are repressed/restrained
when and what did Freud’s genital stage consist of?
- puberty to adult
- sexual interests
- mature secual relationships
when did Freud believe that child development stopped?
- stopped at puberty
- genital stage continued throughout adulthood
what did Erikson emphasize?
-family and culture
what was Erikson’s theory called?
-epigenetics
define epigenetics
-the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself (fake genetics)
what were Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development and in what ages?
- trust v. mistrust (infant-18 mon.)
- autonomy v. shame (18 mon.-3)
- initiative v. guilt (3-5)
- industry v. inferiority(5-13)
- identity v. role confusion (13-21)
- intimacy v. isolation (21-39)
- generativity v. stagnation (40-63
- integrity v. despair (65+)
mnemonic to memorize erikson’s stages
-TRUST the AUTO IN INDUSTRY, IDENTIFY with INTIMATE GENIUSES with INTEGRITY
what was Erikson’s main belief?
-outcomes defined in personal strengths/weaknesses
what were Piaget’s stages of cognitive development and in what ages?
- sensorimotor (birth-18 mon.)
- preoperational (2-7yrs)
- concrete operation(7-11)
- formal operations (12+)
what did Piaget believe kids should do?
- let child explore and play
- adaptation theory
- hands on classroom
- schema
define Piaget’s schema
-a set of linked mental representations of the world, which we use both to understand and to respond to situations
what did Piaget emphasize kids to do when learning?
- accomodate to new changes
- assimilate with new experiences to fit them into their life
how did Vygotsky encourage kids to learn?
- through guided participation/scaffolding (let child play but help them out)
- supported authoritative parents
- social contact is essential to intellectual development.
what was Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory?
- individual/child is in center
- everything around you impacts your development (i.e. school, work, family)
what was Maslow’s theory?
- hierarchy of needs
- individuals have unique needs (humanism)
- self actualization (nirvana)
what was Gesell’s theory?
- maturational-developmental theory
- biological times table
- milestones occur at similar ages
what was Schaie’s theory?
- cognitive theorist
- people achieve milestones at different age groups
what were Schaie’s stages in cognitive development?
- acquisitive stage
- achieving stage
- responsible stage
- executive stage
- reorganizational stage
- reintegrative stage
- legacy-creating stage
