1
Q
This is defined as an increase in physical size, including the measurement of height, weight and head circumference
A
Growth
2
Q
What it means: Truly understanding the person you’re caring for.
Focus: Avoiding assumptions.
Example: You assess a patient carefully instead of assuming all elderly patients are the same.
A
Knowing
3
Q
What it means: Adjusting your approach based on the situation.
Focus: Flexibility between action and reflection.
Example: You try an intervention, observe the result, then adjust your care plan.
A
Alternating rhythms
4
Q
What it means: Allowing the person to grow or heal at their own pace.
Focus: Not rushing outcomes.
Example: Giving a patient time to accept their diagnosis instead of forcing them to “move on.”
A
Patience
5
Q
What it means: Being truthful while still being compassionate.
Focus: Authentic communication.
Example: Explaining a patient’s condition clearly without giving false reassurance.
A
Honesty
6
Q
What it means: Believing in the possibility of growth or improvement.
Focus: Encouragement and positivity.
Example: Motivating a patient during recovery even when progress is slow.
A
Hope
7
Q
What it means: Letting the person grow in their own way while you support them.
Focus: Confidence in the person’s capacity.
Example: Allowing a patient to make decisions about their care.
A
Trust
8
Q
What it means: Facing uncertainty and doing what’s right despite fear.
Focus: Moral strength.
Example: Advocating for a patient even if it means challenging a doctor.
A
Courage
9
Q
What it means: Recognizing that you don’t know everything and being open to learning from the patient.
Focus: Setting aside ego and power.
Example: Listening to a patient’s beliefs or cultural practices instead of insisting your way is the only correct one.
A
Humility
10
Q
What are the 8 ingredients of caring
A
- Knowing
- Alternating Rhythms
- Patience
- Honesty
- Humility
- Hope
- Trust
- Courage
11
Q
Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
Infant
And what are the nursing implications?
A
Oral stage 0-1 years old
Nursing implication
Provide oral stimulation
Pacifiers
Do not encourage thumb sucking
12
Q
Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
Toddler
And what are the nursing implications?
A
Anal stage 1-3 years old
Nursing implication
Children achieve, bowel and bladder control without undue emphasis on its own importance
13
Q
Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
Pre school
And what are the nursing implications?
A
Phallic stage 3-6 years old
Nursing implication
Accept children’s sexual interest:
Fondling his or her own genitals = normal area of exploration
14
Q
Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
School age
And what are the nursing implications?
A
Latent stage 6-puberty
Nursing implication
Help children have a positive experience with learning
Self-esteem continues to grow
15
Q
Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
Adolescent
And what are the nursing implications?
A
Genital stage (puberty+)
Nursing implication
Provide appropriate opportunities for the child to relate to the opposite and own sex relationship
16
Q
Eriksons developmental tasks
Infant
And what are the nursing implications?
A
Trust versus mistrust 0-1 years
- Learn to love and be loved
Nursing implication
Provide a primary caregiver
Provide experience that adds to security
17
Q
Eriksons developmental tasks
Toddler
And what are the nursing implications?
A
Autonomy versus shame and doubt 1-3 years
- learns to be independent and make decisions on his or her own
Nursing implication
Provide opportunity for independent decision-making
- Choosing own clothes
18
Q
Eriksons developmental tasks
Preschool
And what are the nursing implications?
A
Initiative versus guilt 3-6 years
- Learns to do things that is desirable
Nursing application
Provide opportunities for exploring new places or activities
- Allow free form play
19
Q
Eriksons developmental tasks
School age
And what are the nursing implications?
A
Industry versus inferiority 6-12 years
- Learn to do things well
Nursing implication
Provide opportunities
- allowing child to assemble and complete a short project
20
Q
Eriksons developmental tasks
Adolescent
And what are the nursing implications?
A
Identity versus role confusion
- learns who they are and what kind of person they will be
Nursing implications
Provide opportunities to discuss feelings
- important event events to him or her and offer support and praise
21
Q
Moral development
What are the ages of preconventional?
A
2-3 years
4-7 years
22
Q
Moral development
Preconventional description
What ages?
Individualism
Instrumental purpose and exchange
A
4-7
22
Q
Moral development
Preconventional description
What ages?
Punishment/obedience orientation
Heteronomous morality
A
2-3
22
Q
Moral development
Conventional description
What ages?
Follow rules because of a need to be a good person and own eyes and eyes of other
A
7-10
22
Moral development
Conventional description
What ages?
Child finds following rules satisfying
10-12
22
Moral development
Post Conventional description
What ages?
Social contract
Utilitarian lawmaking perspectives
Older than 12
22
Moral development
Post Conventional description
What ages?
Universal, ethical principal orientation
Older than 12
23
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Stage of development
What age?
Neonatal reflex
1 month
Stimuli are assimilated into beginning mental images
Behavior entirely reflexive
24
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Stage of development
What age?
Primary circular reaction
1 to 4 months
Hand - mouth and ear - eye coordination develop
25
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Stage of development
What age?
Secondary circular reaction
4 to 8 months
Infant learns to initiate recognizing and repeat pleasurable experiences from environment
26
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Stage of development
What age?
Coordination of secondary reaction
8 to 12 months
Infant can plan activities to attain specific goals
Good day for this period nesting toys
27
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Stage of development
What age?
Tertiary circular reaction
12 to 18 months
Child is able to experiment discover new properties, objects, and event
28
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Stage of development
What age?
Invention of new means through mental combinations
18 to 24 months
Transitional phase to the preoperational thought.
29
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Stage of development
What age?
Pre-operational thought
2 to 7 years
Thought becomes more symbolic can arrive at mentally instead of through physical attempts
Concept of time is now an concept of distance is only as far as they can see
29
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Stage of development
What age?
Concrete operational thought
7 to 12 years
Concrete operation include systemic reasoning
Child is aware of reverse ability and opposite operation or continuation
30
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
What Stage of development is this in?
Thought becomes more symbolic they can arrive at answers mentally inside of through physical attempts
Concept of time is now and concept of distance is only as far as they can see
Pre-operational thought
2 to 7 years
30
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
What Stage of development is this in?
This includes systemic reasoning and ichild is aware of reversibility and opposite operation or continuation
Concrete operational thought
7 to 12 years
30
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
What Stage of development is this in?
Can solve hypothetic problems with scientific reasoning
Formal operational thought
12 years
30
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Stage of development
What age?
Formal operational thought
12 years
Can solve hypothetic problems with scientific reasoning
30
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
What Stage of development is this in?
Stimulate or assimilated into beginning mental images and behavior are entirely reflective
Neonatal reflex
1 month
31
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
What Stage of development is this in?
Hand mouth and ear eye coordination develop
Primary circular reaction
1 to 4 months
32
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
What Stage of development is this in?
Infant learns to initiate recognizing and repeated pleasure experiences from environment
Secondary circular reaction
4 to 8 months
33
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
What Stage of development is this in?
Infant can plan activities to attain specific goals
Good day for this period: nesting toys
Coordination of secondary reaction
8 to 12 months
34
Cognitive development
Sensorimotor
What Stage of development is this in?
Child is able to experiment, discover new properties, objects, and event
Tertiary circular reaction
12 to 18 months
35
What age range is considered to be an infant?
One month to one year
36
Infancy
True or false
Infants grow **rapidly**, both in size and in their ability to perform tasks during their first year
True
37
Infancy
What is the best indicator for overall health?
Steady increase in size
38
Infancy
When does their birth weight double and triple?
Doubles by 4 to 6 months
Triples by 1 year
39
Infancy
How many pounds per month is the first 6 months compared to the second 6 months
First six month = 2 pounds per month
Second six months = 1 pound per month
40
Infancy
How much does the average one year-old boy weigh compared to the average one year old girl?
Average one year-old boy weighs 10 kg (22 pounds)
Average one year-old girl weighs 9.5 kg (21 pounds)
41
Infancy
What happens to the height during the first year?
It increases by 50%
Or grows from the average birth length of 20 inches to about 30 inches
50.8 cm to 76.2 cm
42
Infancy
How does the head circumference differ from the first six months of the last six months?
Give me the interest per month and average size for both
First six month
- 0.6 inches per month average size of 17 inches
Last six months
- 0.2 inches per month average size of 18 inches
43
Infancy
The chest circumference is __ ___ less than the head circumference by birth
2 cm
44
Infancy
What are the five basic survival tasks of an infant?
1. Breathing
2. Sucking
3. Eating
3. Sleeping
4. Eliminating
45
Infancy
What are the best initial food sources?
Breastmilk
Commercial iron fortified formula
46
Infancy
Commercially prepared, iron fortified formula
Number of feedings
First week = _______?
One week to one month = ________?
First week = 6 to 10 per day
One week to one month = 6 to 8 per day
47
Infancy
How much calories should you give for the first three months?
50 to 55 cal/lbs/day
48
Infancy
What is the primary source of fluid?
Milk
49
Infancy
How much milk should you give during the first six months compared to the last six months?
First six months = 125 to 150 ML/kg/day
6 to 12 months = 120 to 135 Ml/kg/day
50
Infancy
True or false
From breast or butter to a cup should be gradual
True, it should be weaning
51
Infancy
Solids are not recommended before how many months
4 to 6 months
Protrusion or sucking reflex
Immaturity of the GIT
Immaturity of immune system
52
Infancy
True or false
Introduce only one new food every week
True
53
Infancy
True or false
Bananas, apple sauces, and orange juice are well tolerated
False
Orange juice is usually not well tolerated initially
It can be introduced diluted with Water when child is six months of age
54
Infancy
After how many months can you introduce yolk to the child?
Six months of age
Usually yolks are well tolerated, but sometimes there are allergic reactions to egg whites
55
Infancy
In what month can you introduce meat to the baby?
Six months
56
Infancy
Starchy foods are introduced at what month?
12 months
Given in place of grain, vegetable vegetables or fruit
57
Infancy
Finger foods are introduced at what month?
Eight or nine months
58
Infancy
Why should honey be discouraged?
Because it may be a source of infant botulism
59
Infancy
How many hours has a baby sleep at night between 3 to 4 months?
9 to 11 hours that night between 3 to 4 months
60
Infancy
This is a type of non-interactive play that reflects development and awareness of the environment
Solitary play
61
Infancy
During elimination, at least how many wet diapers per day and how many stool per day?
6 to 8 with diapers per day
One stool per day
62
Infancy
Stool color and consistency of breast-fed infants
Orange, yellow, soft consistency
sour but clean order
First two months several stools
63
Infancy
When does elimination usually develop in an infant?
Usually developed by the second week of life, and typically associated with the frequency amount of feeding
63
Infancy
Stool collar and consistency of a bottle fed infants, specifically milk based formula
Yellow to brown, soft or formed
64
Infancy
Stool collar and consistency of a bottle fed infants, specifically soy based formula
Green soft stool with distinctive order
65
Infancy
Stool collar and consistency of a bottle fed infants, specifically protein, hydrosylate formula
Yellow, green, soft to loose stool with some mucus
Average of 2 to 4 stools per day
66
Infancy
What is the urinary output by the end of the first week of life?
200 to 300 ML
20 voidings per day
67
Infancy
True or false
Breast and bottlefeeding during sleep is discouraged
True
68
Infancy
What is a normal reaction to hospitalization for 4 to 6 months?
Separation anxiety
69
What age range count as a toddler
1 to 3 years
70
Toddler
How much does a toddlers height grow per year? And how many inches will an average two year-old be?
3 inches per year
Average two-year-old is about 34 inches about half an expected adult height
71
Toddler
How much weight does a toddler gain per year and how much does the average two Year old weigh?
Gains 4 to 6 pounds per year
Average two year old weighs 27lbs
72
Toddler
What happens to the head circumference compared to the chest circumference?
In 1 to 2 years, they are both equal
By the second year, 1 inch increase then slow to 0.5 inches per year until five years old
73
Toddler
True or false
Growth slows dramatically, thereby decreasing the child’s need for calories protein and fluid
True
74
Toddler
When does the child eat the same food as the rest of the family?
12 months
75
Toddler
When does the child experience physiologic anorexia being a picky eater and experiencing food jugs (wanting a specific food items, such as a peanut butter and jelly sandwich for a period of days)
18 months
76
Toddler
True or false
They have a higher risk of aspirating
True
so no peanuts, carrots, hotdog, celery
77
Toddler
What happens to sleep during the second year?
Decreases during the second year to an average about 12 hours daily
78
In what stage does this happen?
Sleep problems due to fears of separation
Bedtime, rituals, and transitional objects are helpful
Toddler
79
Toddler
Imitation is the most common form of play
Parallel play
80
In what stage does this happen?
Change toys frequently due to short attention span
Toddler
81
In what stage does this happen?
Purpose of play
Stimulate psychological development
Offered diversion from boredom, pain, and discomfort
Provide means of communicating and expressing feelings
Aid in developing sensory motor skills
Infant
82
In what stage does this happen?
Purpose of play
To enhance locommotion skills
To encourage imitation
To encourage language development
To encourage gross and fine motor skills
Toddler
83
Toddler
What should the normal urinary output of a toddler be per day?
500 to 1000 ML per day
84
In what stage does this happen?
Toilet training
Toddler
85
Toddler
True or false
Toilet training should not be initiated during times of stress
True
86
Toddler
How many deciduous teeth is complete completed by 2.5 years
20 Deciduous teeth
87
Toddler
Reaction to hospitalization
This is the primary defense mechanism
Regression
88
Toddler
What are the three phases of separation anxiety?
Protest
Despair
Denial
89
Toddler
What is the peak age for separation anxiety?
18 months
90
Toddler
Phases of separation anxiety
Cries/screams for parents
Inconsolable by others
Protest
91
Toddler
Phases of separation anxiety
Crying ends
Less active
Disinterested in food/play
Clutches security objects if available
Despair
92
Toddler
Phases of separation anxiety
Appears adjusted
Evidence as interest in environment
Ignores parents when he or she returns
Denial
93
What is the age range of a preschooler?
3 to 5 years old
94
Preschooler
What is the average height growth of a preschooler and how much is the height of an average four-year-old?
Average growth is 2.5 to 3 inches per year
Average four year-old is 40.5 inches
95
What is the average weight gain of a preschooler? Also the average weight of a four year-old?
Average weight gain of 5 pounds per year
Average four year old weighs 37 pounds
96
Preschool
Give me the minimum requirements of calories and fluid requirements
90 kcal/kg/day
100 ml/kg/day
97
Preschool
This type of eating pattern is evidence when the child eats small amount of food usually non-nutritious food throughout the day instead of three meals
Grazing
98
In what stage does this happen?
Encourage trying new foods and learning, socially acceptable table behaviors
Preschool
99
In what stage does this happen?
May reject vegetables, mixed dishes, and liver
May have favorite foods such as cereal, meat, baked potatoes, fruit, fruits, and sweets
Preschool
99
In what stage does this happen?
It’s large amounts one day and very little the next
Feeds themselves and prefer small portions of appetizing food
Prefer single foods instead of mixture of foods
Prefers finger foods, but encourage the use of utensils
Toddler
100
In what stage does this happen?
Food habits of others influence their habit
Preschool
101
In what stage does this happen?
Under nutrition focus on social aspects of eating such as stable manners willingness to try new foods helping in meal preparation and cleaning up
Preschool
102
Preschool
How many hours do they need to sleep?
11 to 13 hours a day
103
Preschool
This type of play is interactive and cooperative. It needs contact with age mates, imitative, imaginative, and dramatic play and it is important encourage parents to start chores for child.
Associative play
104
In what stage does this happen?
The stage for imaginary playmates
Remote, limited TV watching and foster reading
Preschool
105
In what stage does this happen?
Adult provision near Water gym sets and other potential hazards
Preschool
106
In what stage does this happen?
Capable of independent toileting by the end of the period although they still may have accidents
Preschool
107
Preschool
What is the average ML of their voiding?
500 to 1000 ML per day
108
In what stage does this happen?
Emphasize safety measures
They listen to adults and can understand and heed precautions
They are keen observer and imitate others
Adults need to practice what they teach regarding safety
Preschool
109
In what stage does this happen?
Views illness as a punishment due to magical thinking
Fearful of procedures due to fear of mutilation
Preschool
110
In what stage does this happen?
Teeth should be cleaned with a soft toothbrush and water and floss, the teeth
Toddler
111
In what stage does this happen?
Reaction to illness
Loud crying
Withdrawal of the stimulated area
Facial gestures and anger
Physical resistance
Infant
112
Infancy
How many months can the infant tolerate short term hospitalization well, if provided with nurturing person who meets their physical needs consistently?
Under three months
113
In what stage does this happen?
Hospitalization is interpreted as a punishment
Parental separation is interpreted as loss of loved one
Preschool
114
Preschool
Primary defense mechanism to separation
Regression
Refusal to cooperate
Experience a loss of controlled due to loss of their own power
115
In what stage does this happen?
● stay with child during procedures
● Avoid performing invasive procedures, if
possible
● play out the hospital experience
improvise doctor and nurse kits
Preschool
116
In what stage does this happen?
Fear of mutilation and intrusive procedures due to fear of bodily injury and limited knowledge of the body
Preschool
117
In what stage does this happen?
● use puppets and dolls to demonstrate
procedures
● use terms appropriate for the child’s age
and level of understanding
● use adhesive bandages after giving
injections.
Preschool
118
In what stage does this happen?
Brushing the teeth two times a day and performing flossing super supervised by the parents
Avoid cariogenic foods such as sugar and starchy foods
Preschooler
119
In what stage does this happen?
20. Deciduous teeth is completed.
First dental visit
Teeth should be cleaned with a soft toothbrush and water and floss the teeth
Toddler
120
In what stage does this happen?
Fluoride supplements, 20 minutes before feeding
Play with suitable toys
Clean the teeth with damp cloth
Breast and bottlefeeding during sleep is discouraged
Infant
121
What skills do these toys, enhance in preschoolers?
● tricycle
● big wheels
● gym sets
● wading pools
● sandboxes
Gross motor skills
122
What skills do these toys, enhance in preschoolers?
● Large blocks
● puzzles
● crayons
● simple crafts
● age-appropriate electronic games
Fine motor skills
123
What skills do these toys, enhance in preschoolers?
● dress-up clothes and dolls
● housekeeping toys
● play tents
● puppets
● doctor and nurses kits
Enhances imitative, play, and imagination
124
Who developed the Moral Development Theory?
Lawrence Kohlberg
125
Who developed the Cognitive Development Theory?
Jean Piaget
126
Who developed the Psychosocial Development Theory?
Erik Erikson
127
Who developed the Psychosexual Stages?
Sigmund Freud
128
During what month of the infant should we be giving these toys?
● Squeeze toys
● Busy boxes
● Play gyms
● teething toys
4-6 months
129
During what month of the infant should we be giving these toys?
● Mobiles
● Mirrors
● Music boxes
● Stuffed animals w/o detachable parts
● Rattles
1-3 months
130
During what month of the infant should we be giving these toys?
● Cloth textured toys
● Splashing bath toys
● Large blocks
● Large balls
● peek-a-boo
7-9 months
131
During what month of the infant should we be giving these toys?
● Durable books with large pictures
● Large building blocks, nesting cups
● Push-pull toy
10-12 months
132
What stage of piagets stages of cognitive development is this?
Thought becomes more symbolic; can arrive at answers mentally instead of through physical attempt. Comprehends simple
abstractions but thinking is basically concrete and literal. Child is egocentric (unable to see the viewpoint of another). Displays static thinking (inability to remember what they started to talk about so at the end of a sentence children are talking about another topic). Concept of time is now, and concept of distance is only as far a s they can see. Centering or focusing on a single aspect of an object causes distorted reasoning. No awareness of reversibility (for every action there is an opposite action) is present. Unable to state cause effect relationships, categories, or abstractions. Good toy for this period: items that require imagination, such a s modeling clay
Pre operational thought
133
What stage of piagets stages of cognitive development is this?
These includes systematic reasoning. Uses memory to learn broad concepts (fruit) and subgroups o f concepts (apples, oranges). Classifications involve sorting objects according to attributes such as color; seriation, in which objects are ordered according to increasing or decreasing measures such as weight; and multiplication, in which objects are simultaneously classified and seriated using weight. Child is aware of reversibility, an opposite operation or continuation of reasoning back to a starting point (follows a route through a maze and then reverses steps). Understands conservation, sees constancy despite transformation (mass or quantity remains the same even if it changes shape or position). Good activity for this period: collecting and classifying natural objects such as native plants or sea shells. Expose child to other viewpoints b y asking questions such as, "How d o you think you'd feel if you were a nurse and had to tell a boy thought to stay in bed?"
Concrete operational thought
134
What stage of piagets stages of cognitive development is this?
Can solve hypothetical problems with scientific reasoning. Good activity for this
period: "talk time" to sort through attitudes and opinion
Formal operational thought
135
What toys should an infant be playing during 4-6 months?
● Squeeze toys
● Busy boxes
● Play gyms
● teething toys
136
What toys should an infant be playing during 1-3 months?
● Mobiles
● Mirrors
● Music boxes
● Stuffed animals w/o detachable parts
● Rattles
137
What toys should an infant be playing during 7-9 months?
● Cloth textured toys
● Splashing bath toys
● Large blocks
● Large balls
● peek-a-boo
138
What toys should an infant be playing during 10-12 months?
● Durable books with large pictures
● Large building blocks, nesting cups
● Push-pull toy
NCM 109
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