things i dont know

Question 1

what is a client-centred approach (Humanistic psychology)

Answer 1

-non directive (doesn’t interpret or offer advice but acts as a guide to help client explore their own feelings)
-includes unconditional positive regard

Question 2

when does the ego and superego develop

Answer 2

-ego is 18mths-3 years
-superego is 3-6 years

Question 3

what are the role of defence mechanisms- psychodynamic approach

Answer 3

-help ego manage conflict between id and superego
-provide unconscious solutions to deal with unresolvable conflict
-strategy to reduce anxiety

Question 4

describe the psychosexual stages of development

Answer 4

-developmental stages including:
1. oral (0–1yr) – focus of pleasure is the mouth, mother’s breast is the
focus of desire
2. anal (1–3yrs) – focus of pleasure is the anus and child focuses on
withholding and expelling faeces
3. phallic (3–5yrs) – focus of pleasure is genitals and children experience the
Oedipus/Electra complex
4. latency (6–12yrs) – previous conflicts are resolved/repressed, early
years are largely forgotten
5. genital (12yrs/puberty-adulthood) – sexual desires become conscious with
the onset of puberty
-unconscious conflict at each stage must be resolved before the next stage is reached

Question 5

what is an inference

Answer 5

making assumptions about mental processes that cannot be directly
observed/going beyond the immediate research evidence.

Question 6

assumptions of the cognitive approach

Answer 6

• psychology should be the study of internal mental processes, eg memory,
  perception, etc
• the importance of the role of schema
• it is appropriate to make inferences about cognitive processes
• the use of models of explanation – theoretical and computer
• the possibility of combining cognitive processes and biological structures
  (cognitive neuroscience)

Question 7

what is introspection

Answer 7

-focuses on objectivity
-reflection on sensations, feelings, images
-Wundt would ask people to focus on everyday object and look inwards noticing sensations, feelings, images
-structuralism
-systematic reporting

Question 8

the role of Wundt in the development of psychology

Answer 8

-the father of psychology, moving philosophical roots to controlled research
-set up first psychology lab in Germany in 1970s
-used introspection and structuralism
-his work paved way for later controlled research and the study of mental processes e.g.by cognitive psychologists

Question 9

role of the unconscious

Answer 9

-the driving/motivating force behind our behaviour and personality
-traumatic (repressed) memories drive our behaviour

Question 10

what is concurrent validity

Answer 10

-when there is a close agreement between the data produced by the new test compared to established test
-agreement is indicated if the correlation exceeds 0.8

Question 11

why would knowing which participants were in each group affect validity of the study

Answer 11

-could lead to investigator effects/researcher bias
-researcher may have unconsciously/consciously influenced responses given by using a different tone to the participants

Question 12

why is the 5% significance level used

Answer 12

-to balance between the risk of making the type I and type II errors

Question 13

what are conditions of worth and what do they cause

Answer 13

-constraints an individual believes are put upon them by significant others which they deem necessary to gain positive regard
-psychological issues are thought to arise as a direct result of conditions of worth

Question 14

how to conduct a time sampling observation

Answer 14

-record the child’s behaviour at set time intervals during the time period
-at specified time intervals, tick/mark one or more categories from the behavioural checklist
according to the behaviour exhibited
-behaviours observed in between the time sampling frames should be ignored and should not be
recorded

Question 15

what does the humanistic approach say that behaviour is determined by

Answer 15

-our desire to self actualise (nature) and our experience can provide barriers to this through conditions of worth and varying experiences of conditional positive regard (Nurture)

Question 16

what did Freud believe about therapy

Answer 16

-psychoanalysis can lead to improvements in clients through psychotherapy

Question 17

what did rogers believe about therapy?

Answer 17

-client-centred counselling (using unconditional positive regard) can be used to help clients resolve their problems, overcome conditions of worth and enable their potential for self-actualisation

Question 20

how to deal w deception

Answer 20

-at end of study, give full debrief, making them aware of the deception
-once informed of deception, should be given the right to withdraw their data

Question 21

issues w rating something on a scale

Answer 21

-its subjective
-can’t explain their answer