Thorax

Question 1

mediastinum contains four groups

Answer 1

Thymus
Heart and large b. vessels
Trachea, oesophagus, thoracic duct, lymph nodes
Vagus, phrenic nerves, sympathetic nervous trunk

Question 2

superior mediastinum - location

Answer 2

top - sternal notch to T1

bottom - sternal angle to T4

Question 3

inferior mediastinum - location

Answer 3

top - sternal angle to T4

bottom - xiphoid process to L1

Question 4

Pleura membranes

Answer 4

Parietal Pleura - inn. intercostal nerves, phrenic nerve. Sensitive to pain, temperature, touch & pressure
Visceral Pleura - inn. ANS. only sensitive to stretching

Question 5

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Answer 5

impingement of brachial plexus in the scalenes, ribs, and clavicles. Plexus emerges from the anterior and middle scalene muscles.

Question 6

Vagus Nerve

Answer 6

CNX . The 10th Cranial nerve

Question 7

cricoid cartilage

Answer 7

level with C6, only complete cartilageous ring of the trachea.

Question 8

carina

Answer 8

ridge between left and right bronchi

Question 9

alveoli cells (2)

Answer 9

Pneumocytes (Structure)
Type II peumocytes ; secrete pulmonary surfactant. These are lipoproteins and reduce surface tension by a factor of at least 10.

Question 10

functions of the peritoneum and peritoneal space (4)

Answer 10

• Peritoneal fluid contains leukocytes > immune function (inflammations and invasions)
• Motion of organs (peristalsis) is facilitated
• Suspending and supporting organs in place
  within the abdominal cavity
• Fat storage (especially mesenteries and greater momentum

Question 11

boundaries of abdominal cavity

Answer 11

• Superiorboundary: Diaphragm
• Inferiorboundary: Pelvic
  diaphragm and pelvic inlet
• Posteriorboundary: Vertebral colum and posterior abdominal wall muscles
• Anteriorandlateralboundaries: Anterior and lateral abdominal wall muscles, ribs, sternum and iliac crests

Question 12

The peritoneal spaces (2) and their locations

Answer 12

• greater sac. Reaches from diaphragm to pelvic inlet

- lesser sac.

Question 13

structure that communicates between the two peritoneal spaces

Answer 13

epiploic foramen. Lies behind the

stomach

Question 14

Greater Omentum

Answer 14

Location: connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon. In doing so, it covers the small intestines (hanging down like an apron)

Question 15

Lesser Omentum

Answer 15

Location: suspends the lesser curvature of the stomach from liver structures on the underside of the liver (venous ligament, porta hepatic)

• In front of it lie the porta hepatis, the hepatic artery and the bile duct

Question 16

how many true paired ribs?

Answer 16

7 (attach to the sternum or manubrium)

Question 17

how many false ribs? (vertebrochondral ribs)

Answer 17

3

Question 18

what kind of joints are costovertebral joints (2-5)?

Answer 18

synovial joints

Question 19

what innervates the intercostal muscles?

Answer 19

intercostal nerves T1-T11

Question 20

what innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 20

the phrenic nerve

Question 21

which valve exits the right atrium?

Answer 21

tricuspid valve