1
Q
Muscle Tissue
A
- striated appearance
- produce force = muscle actions (unique to muscle tissue)
- it’s all about the cells; not much intercellular material
2
Q
Nervous Tissue
A
- carries and transfers information
- a lot of extracellular material, but it is NOT functional
3
Q
Neuron
A
- cell of nervous tissue
4
Q
Connective Tissue (CT)
A
- support, anchor, attach, and connect other tissues
- matrix gives CT its functional characteristic
5
Q
4 Types of CT
A
1 - Fibrous
2 - Cartilage
3 - Bone
4 - Blood
All contain proteins: 1) collagen 2) elastic 3) reticular
6
Q
Collagen
A
- type of CT fiber (Tri-Helical structure)
- well organized, mature fibers
- resist TENSILE forces (very little stretch)
- cannot resist compressive forces
- most abundant protein in the body
7
Q
Tissues
A
- group of similar cells and intercellular substance which serve specific function
- intercellular = extracellular = matrix = ground substance
8
Q
4 Types of Tissue
A
1 - Epithelial
2 - Muscle
3 - Nervous
4 - Connective
9
Q
Epithelial Tissue
A
- lining of internal and external surfaces
- primarily cells (very little matrix)
- protects other tissues
- regulates movement into and out of other tissues
- i.e. lining -> get beat up andd must be replaced frequently.
10
Q
Elastic Fibers
A
- develops tension and then returns to original shape (i.e. rubber band)
- made from elastin
- ability to stretch; it will yield
11
Q
Reticular Fibers
A
- unorganized, immature collagen fibrils
- small fibers
- produced by FIBROBLAST
12
Q
Loose Fibrous CT Subclasses
A
1 - Areolar
2 - Adipose
3 - Reticular
- Loose = not as many fibers
13
Q
Dense Fibrous CT Subclasses
A
1 - Regular
2 - Irregular
3 - Elastic
- Dense = more fibers
14
Q
Loose Fibrous CT
A
- most abundant CT
- mostly collagen
- filler tissue
- holds vessels and nerves
- poorly organized
- found in subcutaneous areas
(areolar, adipose, reticular)
15
Q
Areolar Loose Fibrous CT
A
- gel-like matrix with all 3 fiber types
- wraps and cushions organs.
- cells are fibroblasts and macrophages
- found under epithelium of body
- as lamina propria (serves as the foundation for epithelial cells)
- surrounding capillaries and organs
16
Q
Adipose Loose Fibrous CT
A
- cells = adipose cells (able to store large amounts of fat)
- very little intercellular space
- has matrix like areolar but it is very sparse
- fat pushes nuclei of cells to the side
- provides reserve food fuel
- supports and protects organs
- insulation against heat loss
- found under skin, in breasts, around kidneys and abdomen
17
Q
Reticular Loose Fibrous CT
A
- found within bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes
- similar in appearance to areolar tissue
- network of reticular fibers in a loose ground substance
- fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) to support cells (i.e. capillaries)
18
Q
Dense Fibrous CT
A
- primarily collagen in various organized arrangements
regular, irregular, elastic
19
Q
Regular Dense Fibrous CT
A
- named because of its ordered arrangement of parallel collagen fibers
- ideal at resisting tensile loads pulling in one direction
- major cell type is the fibroblast
- (i.e. tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses)
20
Q
Irregular Dense Fibrous CT
A
- collagen fibers have less ordered arrangement
- not as strong as REGULAR, but they can withstand loads in numerous directions
- (i.e. fibrous jt capsules, dermis of skin, and periosteum)
21
Q
Elastic Dense Fibrous CT
A
- primarily consisting of elastic fibers (from elastin protein)
- (i.e. walls of arteries, trachea, and ligamentum nuchae [extension of supraspinous ligament])
22
Q
Rank of Fiber Order Arrangement
A
Tendon > Ligament > Apon > Jt Capsule
(Most order Least order)
- all about the same density
23
Q
Cartilage
A
- cells = chrondocytes
- gel matrix = proteoglycans
1 - hyaline cartilage
2 - fibrous cartilage
3 - elastic cartilage
24
Q
Hyaline Cartilage
A
- strongest cartilage; best for compressional loading
- covering ends of bones; seen in articulations
- increased amount of gel substance
- ~40% collagen; 60% gel matrix
- (articular cartilage, embryonic precursor to bone, forms synchondroses)
25
Proteoglycans
- gel matrix in cartilage
- composes glycosaminoglycans (organic component of bone)
- affinity for water (good for cushion of loading)
26
Fibrous Cartilage
- increased amount of collagen fibers
- compression and tensile loading
- ~70% collagen; 10% elastin; 20% gel matix
- (fibrocartilage pads [i.e. menisci] and symphyses)
27
Elastic Cartilage
- mostly elastin
- not found in joints
- (epiglottis and outer ears)
28
Blood
- cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
- platelets = cell remnants
- this "tissue" contains cells, and intercellular fluid matrix (plasma), and fibers (albumin)
- not typical CT because it doesn't connect or support other tissues
29
Bone
- cells = osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
| - composed of organic and inorganic materials
30
Organic Bone Components
- 30-35% dry wt
- cells
- collagen fibers (25-30% dry wt)
- glycosaminoglycans = gel substance (5% dry wt)
31
Inorganic Bone Components
- 65-70% dry wt
- mineral salts
- hydroxyapatite crystals
- Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
32
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
1 - Smooth
2 - Skeletal
3 - Cardiac
33
Mesenchyme
- common embryonic origin for all 4 types of CT
- undifferentiated cells at this point
- essentially like stem cells
- progress into their specific type of cell b/c of chemicals in environment and the mechanical loading they undergo
34
Organ
- 2 or more tissues working cooperatively to perform a specific function
- (i.e. heart (CV system)
stomach (digestive system)
35
Organ System
- group of organs and tissues functioning cooperatively to perform specific functions.
36
5 Competing Functions of Skeletal System
```
1 - Structure/support
2 - Protection
3 - Movement
4 - Calcium storehouse
5 - Blood cell production
```
These functions can be in conflict with each other.
37
Long Bones
- found in UE and LE
38
Flat Bones
- ribs
| - sternum
39
Short Bones
- carpals and tarsals
40
Irregular Bones
- pelvis
- hyoid
- scapula
41
Sesamoid Bone
- patella
42
Periosteum
- outside covering of bone
- contains periosteal vessels (small, but abundant) for blood supply
- Dense Irregular Fibrous CT
- osteoblasts found just deep to periosteum.
43
Endosteum
- lining medullary cavity and within pores of trabecular bone
- Dense Irregular Fibrous CT
44
Compact vs. Spongy Bone Locations
LONG BONES:
- compact found in diaphysis and covering surface of epiphysis
- trabecular found in epiphysis
ALL OTHER BONES
- trabeular found throughout bone
- compact bone covering surface of entire bone
45
Nutrient Arteries
- one or two large arteries
| - pass through nutrient foramen
46
Epiphyseal Vessels
- network of vessels interwoven throughout plates/rods of trabecular bone
47
Osteoblast
- deposition (growth, repair, and remodeling)
- produce organic components of bone (collagen and gel)
- found on surface of bones (deep to periosteum) and within trabecula
48
Osteoclast
- resorption (unloading, repair, remodeling)
- multinucleated, much bigger than osteoblasts
- chew up all substances of bone, and spit it back out
- Therefore, they do not change the composition of bone, just the amount of bone.
49
Osteocyte
- mature osteoblast (occurs once osteoblast has produced a matrix and becomes mineralized)
- both produce and resorb bone, but do neither as effectively as osteoblast or osteoclast.
- There job is maintenance, focusing on microdamage.
50
Ideal Matrix Composition
1 - Type 1 Collagen (25-30%)
2 - GAG [glycosaminoglycans/gel] (5%)
3 - Hydroxyapatite [mineral] (65-70%)
51
Diet Factors Affecting Bone Composition
| Protein And Vitamin C
- need both protein and vitamin C to produce collagen.
- not enough collagen will cause shift to more brittle bones
- great increase in fractures (think pirates & scurvy)
52
Diet Factors Affecting Bone Composition
| Calcium and Vitamin D
- lack of calcium and/or ability to absorb calcium (vitamin D)
- results in decreased mineral content of bones (bones too compliant)
- results in bone softening (rickets/osteomalacia)
53
Bone Response to New Exercise Program
- after initial increase in activity level, both osteoblasts and osteoclasts get busy
- results in losing bone at first
- over time with continued exercise osteoblasts catch up, resulting in gaining bone and it becomes stronger.
Anatomy
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