Tissues

Question 1

Define tissue

Answer 1

A group of one or more cell types which carries out specialized function/ functions

Question 2

What are the four major types of animal tissue

Answer 2

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

Question 3

What is the location of epithelial tissue

Answer 3

Covers the external or internal surfaces and organs.

Question 4

How does the epithelial tissue get its nutrients and oxygen

Answer 4

From the underneath connective tissue

Question 5

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissues ?

Answer 5

1) covers the external and internal free surfaces and organs

2) cells are closely packed

3) cells have both apical and basal surfaces where the apical surface is free and the basal surface is attached to the basement membrane

4) no blood vessel

5) gets nutrients and oxygen from connective tissue underneath

Question 6

Functions of epithelial tissue

Answer 6

Protection
Secretion
Absorption

Question 7

Epithelial tissue provided protection against

Answer 7

Mechanical injury
Fluid loss
Pathogens

Question 8

Epithelial tissues secrete

Answer 8

Enzymes
Hormones
Mucus
Sweat

Question 9

Epithelial tissues absorb

Answer 9

Nutrients

Question 10

What are the two general types of epithelial tissues based on the number of cell layers on the basement membrane ?

Answer 10

1. Simple epithelia
2. Compound epithelia

Question 11

What are the examples for simple epithelia

Answer 11

1. Simple squamous
2. Simple cuboidal
3. Simple columnar
4. Pseudostratified

Question 12

Examples for compound epithelia

Answer 12

Stratified squamous
Transitional

Question 13

Features of simple squamous epithelium

Answer 13

1. Single cell layer with plate like cells
2. Thin and leaky
3. Found in places where material exchange by diffusion

Question 14

What are the examples for two places with simple squamous epithelia

Answer 14

Blood capillary
Alveoli

Question 15

What are the features of simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 15

1. Single cell layer with dice shaped cells
2. Specialized for secretion
3. Found in glands

Question 16

Places where simple cuboidal epithelium are found

Answer 16

Kidney tubules
Thyroid glands
Salivary glands

Question 17

Features of simple columnar epithelia

Answer 17

1. Single cell layer with large brick shaped cells
2. Often Found in places where secretion and absorption are important

Question 18

Example for a place that has simple columnar epithelium

Answer 18

Intestinal lining

Question 19

What are the features of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 19

1. Single cell layer
2. Cells are not equal height
3. Nuclei of cells are located at different levels.
4. Cells appear to be as several layers
5. In many vertebrates has ciliated cells that form a mucous membrane

Question 20

Places where pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found

Answer 20

Nasal passage
Trachea

Question 21

Features of stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 21

1. Composed of number of cell layers
2. Regenerate rapidly
3. Cell division produces new cells at the basement membrane
4. Old cells are sloughed off
5. Found on surfaces where they are subjected to abrasion

Question 22

Where are stratified squamous epithelium found

Answer 22

Outer skin
Lining of mouth
Anus
Vagina

Question 23

What is the most abundant type of animal tissue

Answer 23

Connective tissue

Question 24

What is the primary function of connective tissue?

Answer 24

Connect organs and tissues together structurally and functionally

Question 25

General structure of connective tissues

Answer 25

Consists of different types of cells scattered in a large amount of extracellular matrix containing different types of fibres.

Question 26

What are the states the matrix can be in

Answer 26

Semi-solid (jelly like) Liquid Solid (dense and rigid)

Question 27

What are the different types of cells found in matrix

Answer 27

1. Fibroblasts 2. Macrophages 3. Mast cells Additionally 4. Fat cells 5. Leukocytes

Question 28

What secretes fibre proteins

Answer 28

Fibronectin

Question 29

Function of macrophages

Answer 29

Engulf foreign particles or any cell debris by phagocytosis

Question 30

Function of mast cells

Answer 30

Secrete heparin histamine

Question 31

Function of fat cells

Answer 31

Storage Insulation

Question 32

Function of leukocytes

Answer 32

Protection

Question 33

What are the three types of fibres found in connective tussues

Answer 33

1. Collagen fibres - strength and flexibility 2. Reticular fibres - join connective tissue to adjacent tissue 3. Elastic fibres - make tissue elastic

Question 34

What are the functions for connective tissues

Answer 34

Binding and structural support Protection Transport of material Insulation

Question 35

What are the different types of connective tissues

Answer 35

Loose connective tissue - areolar tissue Fibrous connective tissue - dense connective tissue Adipose tissue Blood Cartilage Bone

Question 36

What is the mostly widespread connective tissue in the vertebrate body

Answer 36

Areolar connective tissue Loose connective tissue

Question 37

What is the generalized type of connective tissue

Answer 37

Areolar connective tissue

Question 38

What are the types of cells in loose connective tissue

Answer 38

Fibroblasts Mast cells Macrophages Leukocytes Fat cells

Question 39

Arrangement of the three fibres in areolar connective tissue

Answer 39

Loosely arranged and wavy in nature

Question 40

Functions of areolar tissue

Answer 40

Binds epithelia and underlying tissue Holds organs in place Found under the skin throughout the body

Question 41

Arrangement if fibres and cells and matrix in fibrous Cn. Tissue

Answer 41

Densely packed with collagen fibres Matrix is relatively reduced Fewer fibrocyte cells are found

Question 42

Where are fibrous connective tissues found

Answer 42

Tendons (attach muscle to bone) Ligaments (attach bones at joints) Where tensile strength is required

Question 43

What is the specialized type of loose connective tissue that pads and insulated the body will

Answer 43

Adipose tissue

Question 44

What are the functions of adipose tissue

Answer 44

Pads and insulates the body Store fuel as fat molecules Act as thermal insulator and energy store under skin

Question 45

What type of cell are found abundantly in adipose tissue

Answer 45

Adipose cells that contain a large fat droplet .

Question 46

What is the specialized connective tissue where the matrix is not secreted by the cells

Answer 46

Blood tissue

Question 47

Among the connective tissues why is the blood tissue different than the others

Answer 47

Matrix is not secreted by the blood cells Fibres are formed only during blood clotting process

Question 48

What is the liquid extracellular matrix of blood called

Answer 48

Plasma

Question 49

What are the constituent of blood plasma

Answer 49

Salts Water Dissolved proteins

Question 50

What are the cells suspended within blood plasma

Answer 50

Red blood cells - transport respiratory gases White blood cells - involve in defense Platelets - involve in blood clotting

Question 51

Main functions of blood tissue

Answer 51

Transport of materials Defense Osmoregulation

Question 52

What is the matrix of cartilage composed of?

Answer 52

Chondroitin sulphate A rubbery protein carbohydrate complex

Question 53

What are embedded in the matrix of cartilage

Answer 53

Collagen fibres and chondrocytes

Question 54

What secretes chondroitin sulphate and collagen fibres

Answer 54

Chondrocytes

Question 55

Function of cartilage

Answer 55

Provide support and flexibility in places like trachea and inter-vertebral discs

Question 56

What is the mineralised connective tissue

Answer 56

Bone

Question 57

What are the constituents of bones

Answer 57

Collagen and inorganic salts

Question 58

What are the inorganic components found in plants

Answer 58

Calcium Magnesium Phosphate ions

Question 59

What are the types of cells found in bones

Answer 59

Osteoblast : bone forming cells Osteocytes : mature bone cells

Question 60

What encloses the osteocytes

Answer 60

Lacunae

Question 61

What is the repeating unit of mammalian hard bone

Answer 61

Osteons

Question 62

Composition of osteons

Answer 62

Concentric layers of mineralised materials

Question 63

Centre of the osteon

Answer 63

Is a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves

Question 64

Functions of bones

Answer 64

Forms the endoskeleton of most vertebrates Provide support and strength to body

Question 65

What tissue is responsible for movement

Answer 65

Muscle tissue

Question 66

What proteins are present in the muscle tissue cells

Answer 66

Actin Myosin

Question 67

What are the three types of muscle tissues

Answer 67

Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle

Question 68

What abilities of muscle tissues help it with movement

Answer 68

Ability to contract relax

Question 69

Features of smooth muscle tissue

Answer 69

Spindle shaped Uni nucleated Cells lack striations

Question 70

Function of smooth muscle tissue

Answer 70

Involuntary body functions like Churning if stomach Constriction of arteries

Question 71

Locations of smooth muscle tissues

Answer 71

Digestives tract Urinary bladder Arteries Other internal organs

Question 72

Features of skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 72

Composed of bundle of long cells Multi nucleated Cells are striated

Question 73

What is the contractile unit of skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 73

Sarcomers

Question 74

What gives the striated appearance to the skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 74

The arrangement of sarcomers along the muscle cells

Question 75

What is the location of skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 75

Generally attached to the skeletal system

Question 76

What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 76

Helps mainly in voluntary body movements

Question 77

What are the features of cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 77

Uni nucleated cells cells are interconnected via intercalated disc cells are striated with sarcomers

Question 78

Where is the cardiac muscle tissue found

Answer 78

Only found in the wall of the heart

Question 79

Where is the cardiac muscle tissue found

Answer 79

Only found in the wall of the heart

Question 80

What is the main function of cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 80

In voluntary heart contractions

Question 81

What is the use of intercalated disc

Answer 81

They help relay signals from cell to cells and synchronise heart contractions

Question 82

What are the cells found in nervous tissue

Answer 82

Neurons Glial cells

Question 83

What are the functions of neurons

Answer 83

Receive process and transmit nerve impulses

Question 84

What is the function of neuroglia Glial cells

Answer 84

Support the neurons

Question 85

What are the parts of a neuron

Answer 85

Cell body dendrites Axon

Question 86

What is the basic structural unit of the nervous system

Answer 86

Neuron

Question 87

What are the parts of the neuron that receive nerve impulses from other neurons

Answer 87

Dendrites cell body

Question 88

What is the function of axon

Answer 88

Transmit impulses to other neurons cells or muscles

Question 89

What is a bundle of axon called

Answer 89

Nerves

Question 90

What are the functions of neuroglia

Answer 90

Nourishment of nerve cells insulation of nerve cells replenishing neurons sometimes modulate neuron functions