Tissues 2

Question 1

where do exocrine glands secrete their product?

Answer 1

via duct/ tubes/ lumens ONTO epithelial surface

Question 2

what happens to exocrine gland during morphology process?

Answer 2

cells proliferate and invagination occurs creating a duct UNDER the epithelial surface

Question 3

where do endocrine glands secrete their product?

Answer 3

into bloodstream

Question 4

what happens to endocrine glands during morphology process?

Answer 4

cells lose contact with their epithelial surface forming a dumbbell shape SEPARATE from the epithelium

Question 5

what are 2 types of simples exocrine glands?

Answer 5

1. tubular

2. acinar

Question 6

what is the shape of a tubular exocrine gland?

Answer 6

elongated, tube-like

Question 7

what is the shape of an acinar exocrine gland?

Answer 7

spherical, grape-like, can be coiled/branched

Question 8

what is the compound exocrine gland called?

Answer 8

tubuloacinar

Question 9

what is the shape of a tubuloacinar gland? (compound gland)

Answer 9

have branched duct system

Question 10

what do tubular glands tend to produce?

Answer 10

liquid solutions, watery solutions (e.g. salivery gland produces saliva)

Question 11

what do acinar glands tend to produce?

Answer 11

mucus

Question 12

what do tubuloacinar glands tend to produce?

Answer 12

thick mucus

Question 13

what are the 3 ways secretory products are released from cells?

Answer 13

1. merocrine secretion
2. apocrine secretion
3. holocrine secretion

Question 14

how does discharge of secretions occur in merocrine secretion? and where?

Answer 14

• process of exocytosis (most common form of secretion)

- proteins usually secreted

Question 15

how does discharge of secretions occur apocrine secretion? and where?

Answer 15

• discharge of free unbroken membrane-bound vesicles containing the secretory product
• applies to lipid secretory products in breasts and some sweat glands

Question 16

how does discharge of secretions occur in holocrine secretions? and where?

Answer 16

• discharge of whole secretory cells
• cells disintegrate once released to release secretory product
• applies to sebaceous glands (lubrication for hair and skin)

Question 17

what 2 influences do glands have?

Answer 17

hormonal and nerbous

Question 18

what are myoepithelial cells?

Answer 18

• contractile cells which lie between the secretory cell and the basement membrane (induce secretion)
• specific to EXOCRINE glands
• surround the gland; similar to muscle cells

Question 19

what are the 2 types of exocrine glands?

Answer 19

1. mucous glands

2. serous glands

Question 20

what substance is mucus rich in?

Answer 20

proteoglycans (sugar branches which help to absorb water), jelly-like (thick and sticky), e.g. in trachea

Question 21

what substances are usually released from serous glands?

Answer 21

enzymes, e.g. in pancreas

Question 22

what are the steps for protein synthesis and production (4)

Answer 22

1. Transcription in nucleus (mRNA made)
2. Translation in ribosome (mRNA read, tRNA joining to produce a peptide chain)
3. polypeptide chain grows in RER
4. protein transported to golgi where it’s packed and modified
5. vesicle pinches off golgi and released protein by exocytosis

Question 23

how do substances produced by endocrine glands enter blood circulation?

Answer 23

through diffusion

Question 24

what is the dumbbell shape of clumped/grouped of secretory cells in endocrine glands surrounded by>

Answer 24

vast network of blood vessels for quick diffusion (e.g. hormone secretion)

Question 25

what two products tens to be secreted through endocrine glands?

Answer 25

1. proteins (hormones) | 2. steroids

Question 26

how is cholesterol transported around the body?

Answer 26

on lipoproteins

Question 27

what essential compound is needed for steroids?

Answer 27

cholesterol

Question 28

Where is cholesterol produced?

Answer 28

liver

Question 29

what is bad and good cholesterol?

Answer 29

good: HDL, high density lipoprotein (protective) bad: : LDL, low density lipoprotein (plaques)

Question 30

what are 2 epithelial components of the liver?

Answer 30

1. parenchyma; hepatocytes (epithelial cells) found between blood vessels, involved in secretions 2. support epithelial cells; line blood vessels and bile ducts

Question 31

is the kidney an exocrine or endocrine gland?

Answer 31

exocrine gland

Question 32

which part of the kidney is involved in filtrations?

Answer 32

Bowman's capsule

Question 33

in what location of the kidneys does absorption and secretion occur?

Answer 33

loop of Henle (medulla)

Question 34

what are 2 epithelial component of the kidney?

Answer 34

1. parenchyma; epithelial cells organised into nephrons, filter blood, partial absorption of filtrate and releases urine from kidney 2. support epithelial cells: line blood vessels, lines renal pelvis which receives toxic urine

Question 35

what is meant by partial absorption in the kidney?

Answer 35

waste is excreted but only the essential substances are absorbed back into the body

Question 36

what are the 5 main abnormal functions of epithelial cells?

Answer 36

1. over proliferation 2. under proliferation 3. over secretion 4. under secretion 5. loos of cillia/ cilliary beat

Question 37

what are 2 main pituitary abnormalities?

Answer 37

1. pituitary dwarfism | 2. gigantism

Question 38

what disease can an abnormality in the mucous glands lead to?

Answer 38

chlamydia trachomatis (STD)

Question 39

why can overproduction of mucus in chlamydia lead to sterility?

Answer 39

ovum can no longer be released and travel down fallopian tube because of the mucus treatment; ovum and sperm can become trapped

Question 40

what are some types of connective tissue?

Answer 40

1. blood/bone marrow 2. mucous (foetal development) 3. reticular (around kidney,spleen, lymph nodes) 4. loose 5. dense regular/irregular 6. cartilage 7. bone 8. fat (in bone marrow and mesenteric fat)

Question 41

What type of proteins is the ECM a network of?

Answer 41

insoluble proteins

Question 42

what 3 components make up the ECM?

Answer 42

1. fibres (solid, rope-like) 2. ground substance (jelly- like) 3. tissue fluid (liquid)

Question 43

what is ground substance made of?

Answer 43

mixture of long unbranched polysaccharide chains of several types including proteoglycans and glucosaminoglycans

Question 44

what 3 connective fibres are there?where is each found?

Answer 44

1. collagen (e.g. tendon) 2. reticulin (eg. lymph) 3. elastin (e.g. aorta)

Question 45

properties of collagen

Answer 45

- stretch-resistant (inelastic bu flexible) - most abundant protein in the body - provisions of tensile strength - formed by fibroblasts (fibre producing cells)

Question 46

properties of reticulin

Answer 46

- made from 3 types of collagen - found in soft tissues - can phagocytose bacteria

Question 47

properties of elastin

Answer 47

- arranged as fibres and discontinuous sheets in the ECM - found in skin, lungs, blood vessels - deposition of elastin in the form of fibres requires microfibrils

Question 48

where is type 1 collagen found?

Answer 48

tendons

Question 49

where is type 3 collagen found?

Answer 49

reticulin (elastic)

Question 50

where is type 4 collagen found?

Answer 50

basal lamina (non-fibrous)

Question 51

which organs/soft tissues contain reticulin (type 3 collagen)? (5)

Answer 51

liver, spleen ,lymph nodes, bone marrow and thymus

Question 52

what is the main property of reticulin which makes them unique?

Answer 52

ability to phagocytose particles (old/ worn out cells) | found in lymph filled and blood spaces (can pick up bacteria in lymph)

Question 53

what are 2 components of elastin?

Answer 53

microfibrils and amorphous

Question 54

what is the colour of elastin?

Answer 54

yellow-ish

Question 55

what is the role of fibrillin?

Answer 55

constituent of elastic fibres, plays a role in orderly deposition of the fibres

Question 56

what is the role of fibronectin?

Answer 56

plays a role in controlling deposition and orientation of collagen in ECM

Question 57

what is ground substance made of?

Answer 57

proteoglycans (protein core +GAGs) and hyaluronic acid

Question 58

what is GAG?

Answer 58

unbranched polysaccharide consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit

Question 59

are GAGs acidic or alkaline?

Answer 59

acidic; -ve charged due to presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl and sulphate side groups

Question 60

what is the role of glycoproteins?

Answer 60

important in cell-cell recognition (for cells to know what and where they are)

Question 61

what is tissue fluid/interstitial fluid mainly composed of? (keeps ECM wet)

Answer 61

sugars, fatty acids, salts, amino acids, hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters, waste products

Question 62

what are the 3 MAIN connective tissues?

Answer 62

1. loose connective tissue (permanent/fixed cells) 2. dense regular tissue 3. dense irregular tissue

Question 63

function of loose connective tissue

Answer 63

- most common type - holds organs together and attaches epithelial tissue to underlying tissue - made of callagen, reticulin and elastin - contains fibroblasts, macrohpages, adipocytes, mast cells and undifferentaited mysenchyma cells

Question 64

where is loose connective tissue found?

Answer 64

- lungs -bladder - blood vessels ALL can expand, dilate, constrict etc

Question 65

properties of dense regular tissue

Answer 65

- bundled in parallel fashion - ONLY collagen fibres ( no elastin or reticulin) - connect body and tissues - has linear structure and strength in one direction

Question 66

where is dense regular tissue found?

Answer 66

tendons (muscle to bone connection)

Question 67

properties of dense irregular tissue

Answer 67

- NOT bundled in parallel fashion - mainly consists of collagen but fibroblasts and ground substance also present - quite convoluted

Question 68

where is dense irregular tissue found?

Answer 68

large portion of the skin (dermis)

Question 69

what disease can abnormal function of blood/ bone marrow (connective tissue) lead to?

Answer 69

leukaemia

Question 70

what disease can abnormal function of loose/denser tissue (connective tissue) lead to?

Answer 70

degeneration (loss/abnormal fibres)

Question 71

what disease can abnormal function of bone (connective tissue) lead to?

Answer 71

osteoporosis

Question 72

what can happen with abnormal function of cartilage (connective tissue)?

Answer 72

tears (or epidermolysis bullosa; fragile/ butterfly skin)