1
Q
tissues
A
structurally similar cells (and products) Specialized function
2
Q
4 types of tissue
A
- muscle
- nervous
- connective
- Epithelium/epithelial
3
Q
All organs have at least ?#_____ tissues
A
2 tissues most major organs have all 4 kinds
4
Q
Muscle cells are made of elongated cells called _____ that contain _______ (contraction structures) which are made out of __________
A
Muscle cells are made of elongated cells called (fibers) that contain (myofibrils) contraction structures which are made out of (myofilaments)
5
Q
elongated muscle cells can be called
A
fibers
6
Q
myofibrils
A
-in muscle tissue -protein rich contraction structures -made out of myofilaments
7
Q
myofilaments
A
-thin thread like protein filaments
8
Q
Muscle cell pieces/names (general)
A
- nuclei – well defined
- cell membrane = sarcolemma
- cytoplasm = sarcoplasm
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum = sarcoplasmic reticulum
9
Q
cytoplasm in muscle cells
A
sarcoplasm= Muscle name for cytoplasm
10
Q
cell membrane in muscle cells
A
cell membrane = sarcolemma
11
Q
smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells
A
smooth endoplasmic reticulum = sarcoplasmic reticulum
12
Q
Do muscle cells duplicate?
A
- muscle cells can enlarge but don’t proliferate after birth
- “what you have is what you get”
- limited cell-cycling mitosis
13
Q
When muscles do work _______ is generated
A
When muscles do work (heat) is generated
14
Q
Muscle tissue functions
A
- ability to contract(shorten) / elongate(lengthen) to move bone or organ
- body support/ maintenance of posture (standing and sitting, offsetting gravity)
- body shape/form
- heat produced when contracted
SOUND ATTACHED
15
Q
Muscle Tissue Classifications:
Functionally
Structurally
3 types based on structure/function
A
Muscle Tissue Classification:
Functionally - voluntary / involuntary
Structurally- striated / non-striated
3 types based on structure/function:
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth
16
Q
voluntary vs. involuntary muscle tissue
A
Voluntary muscle tissue: controlled by will Ex. moving my arm to pick something up
Involuntary muscle tissue: not under conscious control Ex. cardiac muscle, smooth muscle (intestinal peristalsis - rhythmic contraction of the esophagus, intestines, stomach)
17
Q
Striated muscle tissue vs. non-striated
A
striated – cross-stripping contractile protein (ridges)
non-striated – unstriped (no ridges)
(seen microscopically)
18
Q
On the basis of structure / function
Muscle tissue is broken into these 3 types
A
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth
19
Q
Skeletal muscle cells
- shape/size
- parts
A
- 1mm to 40 mm in length
- multiple nuclei under sarcolemma around periferal border
20
Q
Skeletal muscle tissue
A
Skeletal muscle tissue:
voluntary
striated (actin/myosin stripes)
bundles of cells attach to the skeleton (muscle organs)
these cells have multiple nuclei under sarcolemma (cell membrane)
Cross striations of:
- light bands – isotropic bands – I bands
- darker bands – anisotropic bands – A bands
contractions – rapid and forceful (kicking)
SOUND ATTACHED
21
Q
Skeletal muscle cells
voluntary?
Striated?
A
- voluntary
- striated (actin/myosin stripes)
Cross striations (width, not length)
- -light bands – isotropic bands – I bands
- -darker bands – anisotropic bands – A bands
22
Q
A
Skeletal muscle tissue:
- long/elongated muscle fibers
- ridges (vertical lines) are cross striations
light I bands (which is short for isotropic bands), darker A bands (which is short for anisotropic bands).
•black jellybean looking things the are multiple nucleus structures (peripherally located)
23
Q
A
Cardiac muscle:
- Looks like bacon strips
- Has long fibers
- 1 nucleus in fibers
- see spacing – branching phenomenon
- intercalated disc (cells head to head or overlap)
SOUND ATTACHED
24
Q
Cardiac muscle
A
involuntary
elongated cells
single nucleus
striations (harder to see)
fibers overlap/branch – form cellular networks
intercalated discs – electoral currents can move to spread contraction through the heart
contractions – strong and rhythmic
synchronous - working together at same time
25
3 kinds of muscle tissue
26
Smooth Muscle Tissue
voluntary?
striated?
Smooth muscle:
Involuntary
Non-striated
27
Smooth Muscle Tissue:
* slice of ham on a plate
* 1 cigar shaped nucleus/cell
* spindle cells
* tightly locked in spindle lock
* compressed
SOUND ATTACHED
28
Skeletal muscle tissue
characteristics?
contractions?
bundles of cells attach to the skeleton (muscle organs)
contractions – rapid and forceful (kicking)
29
Smooth muscle tissue locations
Walls of hollow organs: bladder, vagina, stomach, uterus
Tubes of respiratory, digestive, urinary, circulatory, and reproductive systems
30
Smooth muscle tissue cells
1 elongated central nucleus /cell
Spindle shaped cells
31
Smooth Muscle tissue
fit
contractions
Fibers are tight fitting and bundled into units called sheets (layers)
contractions – strong and slow
32
Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue is found in the brain
spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
SOUND ATTACHED
33
Conductivity vs. Irratibility
Functional characteristics of nervous tissue
conductivity-
ability to transmit an impulse
irritability-
-ability to respond to a stimuli.
34
35
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tissue has profound abilities and is responsible for producing emotions, language skills, association patterns, logical reasoning, analytical thinking, and memory functions.
nervous tissue
36
neurons
cells that detect and transmit info.
via. neurotransmitter releases and receptions
37
dendrites
short branches extending from the soma (of nerve cells)
receives signals from other cells
38
axons
AKA nerve fibers
conduct outgoing signals from the nerve cell soma to other cells
Can be 1 meter or longer
39
Astrocytes (basics, not functions)
Astrocytes –
most abundant neuroglia cell
constitute over 90% of the tissue in some brain areas and
named for their many branched star-like shape
40
Astrocites - 7 functions
They have the most diverse of functions of the neuroglia cells:
1-form supportive framework for nervous tissue,
2-pedicles
3-convert glucose to lactate for neurons
4-Secrete growth factors (proteins that promote neuron growth and synapse formation)
5-communicate electrically with neurons (may influence signaling)
6-regulate chemical composition of tissue fluid (absorb neurotransmitters and potassium ions in synapses so levels don’t get too high
7-form scar tissue when neurons damaged – known as astrocytosis, sclerosis
41
Parts of a neuron
Soma (cell body) containing:
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Organelles
Center of genetic control/protein synthesis
Dendrites
Axons (nerve fibers)
42
Ratio of neurons: neuroglial cells
1:8 there are 8x more neuroglial cells than neurons
43
Nervous tissue does/does not regenerate after severe injury?
No...
It is the most delicate of all tissues and does not regenerate after severe injury.
44
2 kinds of Embryonic Connective Tissue
Mesenchyme Tissue
Mucoid tissue (Wharton's Jelly)
45
Mesenchyme Tissue
* Embryonic connective tissue
* unspecialized packing, wrapping, and supportive tissue
* early embryonic/fetal tissue
* star shapes mesenchyme cells specialize to createall adults connective tissues
46
unspecialized embryonic connective tissue
Mesenchyme Tissue
47
Mucoid Tissue (Wharton’s Jelly)
* appears temporarily in the normal, development of connective tissue
* found in the umbilical cord
48
liquidy looking tissue in umbilical cord
Mucoid tissue/ Wharton's Jelly
49
Two kinds of Connective Tissue Proper
adipose tissue
loose areolar connective tissue
50
2kinds of Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
51
3 kinds of Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
52
2 kinds of Bone
Compact/Ground Bone
Spongy/Cancellous Bone
53
Classifications/Types of Epithelium (10)
simple squamous epithelium
54
6 kinds of neuroglia cells
Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells
Microglia
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Satellite cells
55
These neuroglia cells wrap around nerve fibers to creat myelin sheath in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
56
These neuroglia cells wrap around nerve fibers to creat myelin sheath in PNS
Schwann cells
57
microfage neuroglia cells
microglia
58
most abundant neuroglia
astrocytes
59
neuroglia that has pedicles/perivascular feet to wrap around cappilaries to make blood/brain barrier
astrocytes
60
scar tissue in brain when neurons damaged
astrocytosis or sclerosis
61
cuboidal, lining brain and spinal cavities
ependymal cells
62
ciliated cells that make and circulate cerebral spinal fluid
ependymal cells
63
neuroglia cells that serve as fillers/insulation, and regulate environment in PNS
satellite cells
64
most abundant tissue in the body
connective tissue
65
connective tissue
* supports body and organs
* binds/attaches/joins tissue to body structures
66
substance that living connective tissue are suspended in (watery, fiber laden, calcified, combo)
matrix or ground substance
67
create the 3 types of nonliving fibers for connective tissue matix
fibroblasts
68
connective tissue battle with bacteria happens here
matrix/ground substance
69
tissue that binds various tissues together
connective tissue
70
loose connective tissue ground substance has room for
pathways for blood vessels, nerves
71
3 nonliving fibers made by fibroblasts found in connective tissue
collagenous elastic reticular
72
3 classes of molecules in connective tissue matrix/ground substance
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) Proteoglycans Adhesive glycoproteins
73
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)
molecule in connective tissue matrix able to absorb/hold water (Ex. Heparin)
74
Proteoglycans
molecule in connective tissue matrix with bristle-like out growths of GAG form thick colloids/structural bonds
75
Adhesive glycoproteins
molecule in connective tissue matrix that binds plasma membrane to stuff outside cell holding tissues together
76
Mesenchyme tissue
unspecialized embryonic/fetal tissue star shaped all adult cells derive from
77
adult connective tissue derives from
mesenchyme embryonic connective tissue cells
78
mucoid tissue
AKA Wharton's Jelly found in umbilical cord
79
adipose tissue
* looks like cottage cheese
* nucleus is lateral to side of cell
* insulates the body from heat loss
* located: around heart, kidneys, bone marrow, breasts, buttocks, abdominal muscles, skin/scalp
80
6 Specialized cells suspended in the matrix of loose (Areolar) connective tissue:
fibroblasts
macrophages
mast cells
plasma cells
adipose cells
leukocytes (WBCs)
81
Location of Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
Location (distribution):
* Found under epithelial tissue as a supportive, foundation tissue to attach to deeper tissues
* Found around glands/ducts
* Fills spaces around muscles/nerves
* Envelopes and supports blood/lymph vessels
* Found in between, under, around, filling spaces, wedges self, envelopes
82
connective tissues are made up of specialized ________ cells suspended in a ___________ matrix composed of 3 classes of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
connective tissues are made up of specialized (living) cells suspended in a (non-living) matrix composed of 3 classes (of molecules)
83
dense regular connective tissue structure
collagenous (white) fibers parallel, linear bundles can handle tension in a parallel direction
84
tenons, ligaments, and appaneuroses are ? Tissue
dense regular connective tissue
85
tendons
attach muscles to bone; dense regular connective tissue
86
ligaments
bone to bone at joint; dense regular connective tissue
87
cranial aponeuroses
broad flat tendons creating "cap" to hold cranial muscles to skull; dense regular connective tissue
88
dense irregular tissue structure
collagenous fibers NOT parallel, angular and bisecting so they can stretch in diff. directions
89
tissue that covers muscles, bone, cartilage, and soft organs
dense irregular connective tissue
90
capsule wrapping of soft organs tissue
dense irregular connective tissue
91
elastic connective tissue
parallel strands, freely branching elastic fibers, collagenous fibers and fibroblasts in between fibers
92
found in walls of largest arteries so they can stretch and recoil
elastic connective tissue
93
airway passages tissue
elastic connective tissue
94
reticular connective tissue
fibroblasts mixed with thin reticular fibers to help trap foreign materials
95
first fibers that develop in wound healing
reticular fibers first, then collagenous fibers
96
reticular connective tissue found
tonsils, spleen, liver, thymus, lymph nodes
97
blood
fluid tissue derived from bone marrow primary function: transport cells and matter through the body
98
blood's matrix/ground substance
plasma
99
plasma is \_\_\_\_% water and \_\_\_\_\_% other
92% water and 8% nutrients, antibodies, drug residues, and metabolic wastes
100
Red blood cells are AKA ?
Erythrocytes
101
Erythrocytes/RBC
most abundant cell in healthy blood oval/flat bioconcave disk shape no nuclei or organelles, few ribosomes, live 3-6 months transport oxygen/carbon dioxide to/from tissues and organs
102
most abundant cell type in healthy blood
RBC, Erythrocytes
103
6 kinds of Leucocytes/WBCs
Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils Lymphocytes Monocytes/Macrophages Thrombocytes/Platlets
104
most abundant WBC
neutrophils
105
active phagocyte leucocyte, 1st responder
neutrophils, arrive first at infection
106
least present WBC
basophils
107
basophils
break open to release histamines (vasodialator chemicals) or heparin (anticoagulant) at inflammation
108
WBC that kills parasitic worms
eosinophils
109
3 Types of Lymphocyte WBCs
B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Natural Killer Cells
110
B lymphocytes
Type of WBC plasma cells make 5 different antibodies, memory cells remember antigen for faster immune response next time
111
T lymphocytes
Type of WBC involved in graft/organ rejection, fighting tumors, coordinating immune response
112
Natural Killer Cells
Type of lymphocyte WBC that destroy virus infected cells and cancer cells
113
monocytes/macrophages
active phagocyte WBC, part of long term infection "clean-up" team, macrophage when in tissues monocytes when floating in blood
114
thrombocytes/platelets
cell fragments in blood needed for clotting, the cling to torn tissue to control blood loss
115
tissue that makes up bone, hard calcified kind
osseous tissue
116
required for muscle contractions, nerve functioning and blood clotting
calcium
117
bone matrix
mostly collagenous numerous salt crystals containing calcium, phosphate, hydroxide ions, bone cells
118
bone organs vs. bone tissue
bone organ contains osseous tissue, cartilage, bone marrow, dense irregular connective tissue, and other types
119
longest/strongest/heaviest bone organ
femur
120
osteon
name for central canal (Haversian canal) and lamellae (concentric circles of hardened matrix) in compact/ground bone tissue
121
ground bone cells stuck in lacune
osteocytes
122
tiny canals for diffusion on nutrients and waste to/from osteocytes in compact/ground bone
canaliculi
123
lamellae
concentric calcified hardened matrix with lacunae "stuck" in them in compact/ground bone
124
periosteum
covering over bone tissue (except end of long bones) dense irregular connective tissue
125
deep to compact/ground bone in bone organ
spongy/cancellous bone
126
irregular lattice with embedded osteocites in spongy/cancellous bone
trabeculae
127
marrow spaces (cavities)
in spongy/cancellous bone, filled with marrow tissue
128
spicules
bone fragment piecese surrounding all filling out of spongy/cancellous bone structure
129
age 0-30 have _____ marrow producing cells
red marrow
130
marrow after age 30 called
"yellow" because some adepose tissue in marrow
131
"shock absorbing" tissue
cartilage connective tissue
132
hyaline cartilage structure
chondrocytes in lacunae; pretty, glassy protein/glycosaminoglycans thin white collagenous fibers in matrix where strong/flexible needed
133
hyaline cartilage found
found at ends of long bones (joints), anterior ends of ribs, external ear, fetal skeleton, tip of nose, throughout the respiratory tree
134
elastic cartilage structure
lacunae with chondrocytes in protein/glycosaminoglycans elastic fibers in matrix firm but elasticity of movement
135
elastic cartilage found
external ear, epiglottis, cartilage of the larynx
136
cartilage where limited movement such as intervertebral discs
fibrocartilage
137
fibrocartilage structure
lacune in groups/rows between thick white colalgenous fibers located where tougher support is needed
138
fibrocartilage found
suture site of the skull pubic sympysis intervertebral discs
139
Membranes =
moistened epithelium + underlying connective tissue
140
Serous Membranes
* mesothelium lying on a connective tissue layer
* lines closed body cavities and includes the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal membranes
* Has a parietal layer (lines external wall of cavity) and visceral layer (covers the various organs enclosed within the cavities)
* Secretes serous fluid (watery protein) that lubricates walls of cavities and covered organs
141
Mucous Membranes
* Line body orifices (mouth, vagina)
* Secretes mucus, a protein/polysaccharide complex
* Consists of three layers:
* epithelium sitting on
* lamina propria (connective tissue rich in blood vessels/lymphatic vessels and glands) and the
* muscularis mucosae (circular/longitudinal smooth muscle) below
142
Cutaneous Membranes
the skin: collectively, the skin is a dry, waterproofed, protective covering of the body …composed of an
* epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium)
* dermis (dense fibrous connective tissue) between layer
* hypodermis/subcutaneous layer (adipose tissue and blood vessels),insulates body
“true skin” epidermis and dermis – referred to by anatomists (leave out hypodermis/subcutaneous)
143
3 kinds of Tissue Growth
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Neoplasia
144
Hyperplasia
Tissue growth through cell multiplication
embryonic, childhood and adolescent growth
145
Hypertrophy
Tissue growth of preexisting cells
Ex. muscle fibers upon exercising
Ex. adipocytes from storing lipids (eating too much cheese cake, triglyceride storage)
146
Neoplasia
tumor development via abnormal cell overgrowth
resultant mass serving no sound function
147
Tissue Transformation/Differentiation
Metaplasia - sound and unsound
change in one type of mature tissue into another
148
Sound metaplasia growth:
teenage girl’s vagina when the lining of simple cuboidal epithelium turns into stratified squamous epithelium (more suited for durable adult activities, friction for sex and childbirth)
149
Physiologically unsound (pathological)
metaplasia growth:
Ex. in the bronchial tubes – pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium damaged by 40 years of smoking – chemicals make the cilia sticky/matted, goblets suppressed and not releasing the mucus, difficulty getting things out of bronchial tubes, inflammation causes cracks/lesions in walls – body now stimulated to morph into stratified cuboidal epithelium to try to handle the stress (lose some capacity – cilia and goblet cells), may eventually get cancerous growth
150
Embryonic stem cells – two types:
**Totipotent** which can develop into any type of human cell
**pluripotent** which at the blastocyst stage of embryo development (4 days after fertilization) make up the inner mass of cells there and become any type of cell in the embryo, barring the placenta/amniotic sac
151
Adult stem cells - 2 types
occur in small numbers in mature organs/tissues
**Multipotent** which can develop into two or more different cell lines
* Ex. megacaryocytes in bone marrow
* Not attractive for research because they have damage, toxic exposure, the embryonic is most attractive
**Unipotent** which can produce only one mature cell type
152
Atrophy of Tissue
shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or numbers.
153
3 kinds of tissue atrophy
**Senile atrophy** is a result of normal aging
**Denervation atrophy** para/quadriplegic; muscles shrink because of nerve damage
**Disuse atrophy** results from the lack of use, as in muscles that are not exercised.
154
Tissue Repair
regeneration vs. fibrosis
**Regeneration** – (Macy’s repair)
is the replacement of dead or damaged cells with the same type of cells as seen prior to injury wherein an organ‘s function is restored
**Fibrosis** – (Dollar store version of repair)
replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue composed mainly of collagen fibers
no restoration of normal organ function
155
4 stages of tissue healing:
bleeding
blood clot
angiogenasis
surface epithelial cells
156
Stage 1 of tissue healing: bleeding
Injuired
Bleeding occurs
mast cells/damaged cells release histamine histamine increasing blood flow and capillary permeability
157
Stage 2 of healing: clotting
* blood clot
* forms in the tissue temporary knitting together the edges of the cut or separation helping to prevent entry of pathogens
* surface of the clot forms a scab
* macrophages at base of scab begin to clean up tissue debris
158
Stage 3 of healing: angiogenesis
* New blood capillaries grow into the wound
* themass of capillaries and fibroblasts comes together as a supportive granulation tissue in the wound
* over time macrophages remove the blood clot
* fibroblasts deposit new collagen fibers in its place
159
Stage 4 of healing: scarring
* Surface epithelial cellsdevelop around the wound multiply and migrate into the wounded area beneath the scab
* scab loosens up and falls off
* epithelium grows thicker and undergoes regeneration
* underlying (basement membrane) connective tissue undergoes fibrosis (scarring).
* outcome of healing is linked to whether the scar tissue shows or not through the epithelium depends on the severity (depth, infection/length of, foreign objects, aging)
* keloid scarring – can be from even ear piercing
160
Necrosis
is premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, or infection
161
Infarction
blood supply is cut off causing sudden death of a tissue
Ex. cardiac muscle or brain tissue (body creates scar tissue where damage from injuiry)
162
Gangrene
tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply usually involving infection
dry gangrene
gas gangrene
163
Dry gangrene
often occurs in diabetics, especially in the feet due to arterial and nerve damage
Gangrene=tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply usually involving infection
164
Gas gangrene
is necrosis of a wound resulting from infection with Clostridium species (found in dirt), is deadly and may require amputation
Gangrene=tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply usually involving infection
165
decubitus ulcer (bed sore)
is a form of dry gangrene caused by continual pressure on the skin etc.
166
\_\_\_\_\_ gangrene was seen frequently on battlefields before antibiotics
gas gangrene
167
168
Difference in muscle contractions:
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Skeletal muscle contractions are rapid and forceful (kicking for example)
Contractions of cardiac muscle are strong and rhythmic (heart)
smooth muscle contractions are strong and slow (respiratory, bladder, vagina)
169
covering/lining epithelium found
covering internal/external body surfaces/organs lines body cavities hollow organs epidermis is epithelium tissue
170
glandular epithelium
downgrownths of lining epithelium into the underlying tissue to create a gland
171
glands with a duct that connect to surface
exocrine glands
172
exocrine glands found
salivary gland digestive glands where a chemical is secreted
173
secretion vs. excretion
secretion - product from gland that is useful Excretion - is a wase product (such as urine)
174
glands internal to body with no ducts and high density of blood capillaries
endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood
175
endocrine glands in body examples
pituitary thyroid adrenal glands
176
liver, kidney and pancreas all have
both endocrine and exocrine functions nonsecretory which is called
177
exocrine goblet cells are secretory cells in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory are an example of
unicellular glands
178
epithelial tissues have little/lots of intercellular material
little
179
basal lamina is the underlying tissue for
epithelial tissues AKA basement membrane
180
basement membrane/basal lamina
ancors epithelial tissues to deeper tissue below
181
because epithelial tissue has little/lots of blood supply it relies on ______ to survive
little blood supply, diffusion
182
Epithelial tissue layer classifications
simple - 1 line, connected to basement membrane stratified - mult. Layers, bottom layer only sits on basement membrane pseudostratified - lots of cells different heights, all touch basement membrane but not all touch surface
183
4 cell shapes
squamous cuboidal columnar transitional
184
transitional cells of the bladder are ______ when the bladder is full
flatter
185
6 functions of epithelial tissues
protection absorption transport make/secrete excrete wastes sensory reception
186
3 kinds of cell junctions
tight junctions desmosome/hemidesmosomes gap junction
187
gap junctions
6 proteins in a ring which enable ions, glucose, amino acids and small colutes to pass from one cell to next through the chanel allow excitation of cells together in cardiac muscle tissue, absent in skeletal tissue, embryo uses to pass nutrients through cells until circulatory system forms
188
desmosomes
patch that holds cells together, but not continuous common in epidermis, epithelia
189
tight junctions
plasma of 2 cells sealed together by cell adhesion proteins (stomach and intestines to prevent seeping out)
Bio 141 - additional
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