Tonality
The key or scale that a piece of music is based giving it a sense of home or centre
Major
A key or scale based on a major scale sounding bright or happy
Minor
A key or scale based on a minor scale sounding sad or darker
Modulation to the Dominant
Changing key to the dominant fifth of the current key
Modulation to the Relative Major/Minor
Changing key to the major key relative to a minor key or vice versa sharing the same key signature
Pentatonic
A scale consisting of five notes per octave often used in folk and popular music