Topic 1

Question 1

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 1

• The first taxonomist
  BINOMAIAL NOMENCLATURE GUY
• Not Linnaeus: The 5Kingdom separated organisms by anatomical, physiological and nutritional traits - morphological traits

Question 2

The order of ranking (by Linnaeus)

Answer 2

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup)

Question 3

The “Kingdoms” in the 5 Kingdom System

Answer 3

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Question 4

In the 5 kingdom system, the unicellular kingdoms are

Answer 4

Monera, Protista, Fungi

Question 5

In the 5 kingdom system, the photosynthetic kingdoms are

Answer 5

Monera, Protista, Plantae

Question 6

In the 5 kingdom system, the motile kingdoms are

Answer 6

Monera, Protista, Animalia

Question 7

In the 5 kingdom system, the kingdoms with membrane-bound nuclei are

Answer 7

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Question 8

In the 5 kingdom system, the heterotrophic kingdoms are

Answer 8

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia

Question 9

All life stores genetic information within

Answer 9

DNA molecules

Question 10

What translates information within DNA molecules into proteins

Answer 10

Ribosomes (rRNA)

Question 11

Mutations occur ___ over time

Answer 11

Randomly. Nucleotides are crucial to the function of the ribosome, but some can change

Question 12

The nucleotide sequences of the ribosome gene among species can be compared and the more similar the sequences,

Answer 12

The more closely related the species are

Question 13

The more different the nucleotide sequences

Answer 13

The longer since they diverged

Question 14

Most of the time, mutations have what effect.
Sometimes, what effect?
Other times, what effect?

Answer 14

No change
Death
Beneficial (passes on to future generations)

Question 15

The 3 Domain Classification separates groups based on

Answer 15

Genetic information, or DNA (based on similarities and differences in molecular information)

Question 16

The “old” 3-Domain System is that

Answer 16

Archaea branched off from Eurkarya

Question 17

The “new” 3-Domain System is that

Answer 17

Eukarya evolved from archaea (the archaea ancestors are called Asgardians, that engulfed a bacteria to form eukarya)

Question 18

LUCA

Answer 18

Last universal common ancestor

Question 19

The traits of Domain bacteria

Answer 19

• All prokaryotes
• All unicellular
• Cell walls made of peptidoglycan
• Small (1-5 micrometers)

Question 20

The traits of Domain archaea

Answer 20

• All prokaryotes
• All unicellular
• Cell walls made up of pseudopeptidoglycan
• Small (1-5 micrometers)

Question 21

The traits of Domain eukarya

Answer 21

• Eukaryotic cells
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Some have cell walls (e.g., pectin, chitin, cellulose)
• Large cells (10x than prokaryotes)

Question 22

The differences between prok and euk are

Answer 22

• Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles (pro does not)
• Eukaryotes have multiple linear DNA but prokaryotes are single circular DNA
• Eukaryotes have nucleus but pro does not
• 70S ribosomes VS 80S

Question 23

The similarities between prok and euk are

Answer 23

• Use DNA
• Have cell membranes
• Have cytosol

Question 24

Everytime a cell doubles in size

Answer 24

SA:V decreases by half

Question 25

Why are prokaryotes so small

Answer 25

Diffusion

Question 26

The cell's surface is its

Answer 26

Cell membrane

Question 27

Purpose of cell membrane

Answer 27

Site of nutrient exchange and energy generation. Also supports internal volume

Question 28

Why is a high SA/V ratio good

Answer 28

Because rate of diffusion stays the same, so we want large SA but small V

Question 29

Large cells with small SA:V CANT survive, how can eukaryotes be so large

Answer 29

They have membrane-bound organelles that increase SA and compartmentalize areas to store nutrients throughout the cell

Question 30

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 30

When a gene from one species becomes a part of the genome in another species

Question 31

HGT is common between

Answer 31

Prokaryotes (but not eukaryotes)

Question 32

Endosymbiosis Theory

Answer 32

The idea that some eukaryotic organelles were originally independent prokaryotic cells; an organism living inside another to benefit both

Question 33

___ and ____ were likely formed when 2 organisms formed a relationship that benefited both and is now permanent

Answer 33

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 34

The process of endosymbiosis

Answer 34

1. Host cell was an archaea-like prokaryote 2. Endosymbiont (the organism that went inside) was a bacteria-like prokaryote, and very good a cell resp 3. Archaea received ATP 4. Bacteria received nutrients 5. Host cell used extra E to develop an endomembrane system, and grew larger to become the first eukaryote

Question 35

The 5 evidence for endosymbiotic theory (that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotes)

Answer 35

- The same size as moderm prokaryotes - Have a single circular dsDNA molecule - Divide by binary fission - Have 70S ribosome gene - Many current (endo)symbiotic associations exist

Question 36

Prokaryote rRNA VS Mitochondrial rRNA VS Eukaryote rRNA

Answer 36

Mitochondrial is more similar to prokaryotes than mitochondrial is the eukaryote. BUT Mitochondrial is more similar to eukaryote than prokaryote is to eukaryote

Question 37

Phototrophs

Answer 37

Uses light energy

Question 38

Chemotrophs

Answer 38

Use chemical energy - Organotroph: use organic molecules - Lithotroph: use inorganic molecules (e.g., CO2)

Question 39

Autotrophs

Answer 39

Self eater

Question 40

Heterotroph

Answer 40

Other eater

Question 41

Inorganic carbon means that the organism is an

Answer 41

Autotroph