A Level Biology AQA > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are monomers?

A

They are smaller units from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

Polymer?

A

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

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3
Q

Monosaccharides is a monomer and corresponds to what polymers

A

Starch,cellulose and glycogen

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4
Q

Amino acids are monomers and the correspond to what polymers?

A

Protein

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5
Q

Nucleotides are monomers to what polymers?

A

DNA and RNA

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6
Q

Condesation reactions?

A

Join molecules together by forming a chemical bond and eliminating WATER

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7
Q

Hydration reactions?

A

Break chemical bonds between molecules using a water Molecule

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8
Q

Condensation reaction steps?

A

1- 2 molecules join together
2- a chemical bond forms
3- a water molecule is eliminated

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9
Q

Hydrolysis involves?

A

The use of a water molecule

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10
Q

What type of bond forms when 2 amino acids join together in a condensation reaction?

A

Peptide bond

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11
Q

Hydrolysis reactions split what and into what?

A

Split proteins into amino acids

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12
Q

Whats a glycosidic bond?

A

The bond that joins monosaccharides together

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13
Q

Name 3 disaccharides?

A

Sucrose,lactose and maltose

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14
Q

Hydrolysis is the opposite of ?

A

A condensation reaction

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15
Q

What is eliminated during a condensation reaction?

A

Water

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16
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

By the condensation of 2 monosaccharides

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17
Q

Products of disaccharide formation
(Name 1)

A

Water

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18
Q

What is the type of glycosidic bond formed between carbon 1 and carbon 4 of two monosaccharides?

A

1-4 glycosidic bond

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19
Q

How are polysaccharides created?

A

By condensation reactions between many glucose monomers

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20
Q

Name 3 polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose,starch and glycogen

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21
Q

What are starch and glycogen made from?

A

Alpha glucose monomers

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22
Q

Hydrolysis of a disaccharide breaks ?

A

The glycosidic bond and splits it into two monosaccharides

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23
Q

Function of the polysaccharide starch

A

Glucose store in plants

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24
Q

Function of polysaccharide cellulose?

A

Structural strength in cell walls

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25
Function of polysaccharide glycogen?
Glucose store in animals
26
Is cellulose made from A-glucose or B-glucose monomers?
B-glucose monomers
27
What type of glycosidic bonds are found in starch?
1-4 and 1-6
28
Whats amylopectin?
The branched polymer in starch
29
Amylopectin contains what bonds
Both 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
30
Why is the branched structure of amylopectin advantageous for glucose storage?
Rapid hydrolysis
31
Glycogen is what
A highly branched molecule found in animals
32
Does glycogen have a higher proportion of 1-6 glycosidic bonds than starch or a lower proportion
Higher proportion
33
Primary advantage of the branched structure of glycogen in animals
Rapid glucose release
34
Cellulose chains ?
Held in parallel by hydrogen bonds to form fibrils
35
Every other B-glucose molecule in cellulose is inverted by how many degrees?
180 degrees
36
What are the building blocks of cellulose?
Beta glucose
37
Why is cellulose insoluble in water?
Because of the Hydrogen bonds
38
Regeant used to test for starch
Iodine solution
39
Why is the inversion of beta glucose molecules necessary?
For continuous formation of 1-4 glycosidic bonds
40
Positive test for starch?
Blue-black colour
41
What colour indicates the highest concentration of reducing sugars in the benedicts test?
Brick red
42
What is the only non-reducing sugar we need to know?
Sucrose
43
Why is sucrose classed as a non reducing sugar?
It cannot reduce copper sulfate
44
Steps in non-reducing sugars test for sucrose?
1- perform a reducing sugars test 2- add acid and boil 3- cool the solution and add alkali 4- add benedicts reagent and heat
45
What condition does benedicts reagent work best in
Alkaline conditions
46
What is the purpose of acid hydrolysis in the non-reducing sugars test?
To split sucrose into monosaccharides
47
How many condensation reactions occur in the formation of triglyceride?
Three
48
Why does the non-reducing sugars test result in a higher concentration of monosaccharides after hydrolysis ?
Disaccharides are split
49
What are the bonds that are formed between glycerol and fatty acids in lipids called ?
Ester bond
50
What replaces 1 fatty acids chain in a phospholipid?
Phosphate group
51
what are 2 lipid structures
Phospholipid Triglyceride
52
What is a phospholipid?
Glycerol with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group
53
Whats a triglyceride?
Glycerol with three fatty acid chains
54
Whats the variable group in a fatty acid called ?
R group
55
Saturated fatty acids contain?
Only single bonds between carbon atoms
56
Why are triglycerides effective energy storage molecules?
High ratio of carbon to hydrogen
57
Unsaturated fatty acids have
Atleast one double bond between carbon atoms
58
Triglycerides can release what when oxidised making what happen
Release water when oxidised ,making then a metabolic water source for animals in deserts
59
DO triglycerides affect water potential in cells due to their solubility
Nope
60
What term describes the water-repelling property of lipids?
Hydrophobic
61
Test for lipids using ethanol steps
1- mix sample with ethanol 2- add distilled water 3- observe for a white emulsion
62
Whats the Positive observation in a lipid test using ethanol ?
White emulsion
63
In the lipids test when should ethanol be added
Before the water
64
What are the monomers of protein ?
Amino acids
65
The 3D shape of a protein determines…
Its function
66
Chemical formula for the amine group
NH2
67
Chemical formula of carboxyl group?
CO
68
Water is removed during the formulation of a what bond
Peptide bond
69
A polypeptide is formed by..
Many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
70
Arrange the structural levels of proteins form simplest to most complex
1-primary 2-secondary 3-tertiary 4-quaternary
71
What is the bond formed between two amino acids
Peptide bond
72
Primary structure of a protein?
Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain Held by peptide bonds
73
Term for many amino acids joined together via condensation reactions and peptide bonds ?
Polypeptide
74
A Level Biology AQA
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