Topic 1: Atomic structure

Question 1

First ionisation energy definition

Answer 1

The energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of gaseous atoms of the element, forming 1 mole of gaseous atoms with a +1 charge

Question 2

Order of sublevels

Answer 2

S, P, D, F

Question 3

Aufbau principle

Answer 3

1) Subshells fill in orger of increasing energy
2) A subshell must fill before moving onto the next
3) Orbitals can hold 2 electrons MAX
4) In subshells with orbitals of equal energy- one electron goes into each orbital before spin pairing occurs

Question 4

2 exceptions to aufbau principle

Answer 4

Copper and chromium

Question 5

What affects the first ionisation energy

Answer 5

1. Charge on nucleus
2. Distance (Atomic radius)
3. Sheilding
4. Repulsion
5. Energy of the subshell

Question 6

Reason for general increase across a period (electronegativity)

Answer 6

1. Nuclear charge increases
2. Sheilding doesn’t change
3. Atomic radius gets smaller

Question 7

Reasons for general decrease down a group (Ionisation energy)

Answer 7

1. Increased distance

2. Increased sheilding

Question 8

Stages of mass spectometry

Answer 8

1. Ionisation
2. Acceleration
3. Ion drift
4. Detection

Question 9

Acceleration in mass spec

Answer 9

Ions accelerated at a constant kinetic energy by and electric field

Question 10

Detection

Answer 10

Positive ions hit detector and gain electrons

This movement is detected as current + the time of striking is recorded

Question 11

Types of ionisation for mass spec

Answer 11

Option 1) Electron Impact ionisation -
Sample vaporized
Bombard with high energy electrons

Option 2- Large molecules) Electrospray ionisation- High voltage in a polar solvent

Question 12

Ion drift

Answer 12

Enter a flight tube with no electric field

Ions are separated based on different velocities