Topic 1: Classifications

Question 1

What are Life’s Emergent Properties?

Answer 1

1. Organization
2. Structure and Function
3. Interdependence
4. Energy Flow
5. Information Flow
6. Evolution

Question 2

What is the basic unit of life?

Answer 2

Cells

Question 3

What is the basic unit of energy?

Answer 3

ATP

Question 4

What is the basic unit of heredity?

Answer 4

DNA

Question 5

What does evolution explain?

Answer 5

The unity and diversity of life

Question 6

What is the fifth key feature of life?

Answer 6

All life is interconnected

Question 7

What is the 5-Kingdom Taxonomic hierarchy (classification system) based on?

Answer 7

Similarities and differences in morphology and nutrition

Question 8

What is the Kingdom level in Taxonomic Hierarchy?

Answer 8

Kingdom is the most inclusive level and species are the most unique

Question 9

What are all the levels in the Kingdom Taxonomic Hierarchy

Answer 9

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 10

What is binomial nomenclature?

Answer 10

Genus species naming system

Question 11

What are the 5-Kingdom Classification System?

Answer 11

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Question 12

What are the characteristics of the Monera Kingdom?

Answer 12

• Unicellular
• No nucleus

Question 13

What are the characteristics of the Protista Kingdom?

Answer 13

• Mostly unicellular
• Nucleus

Question 14

What are the characteristics of the Fungi Kingdom?

Answer 14

• Multi/unicellular
• Nucleus
• Different nutrition from plants

Question 15

What are the characteristics of the Plantae Kingdom

Answer 15

• Nucleus
• Photosynthetic
• Non-mobile

Question 16

What are the characteristics of the Animalia Kingdom?

Answer 16

• Nucleus
• Mobile
• Heterotrophic

Question 17

What is the importance of comparing nucleotide sequences of the ribosome gene among species?

Answer 17

• A more similar nucleic acid sequence means a species is more closely related
• A different nucleic acid sequence means their species diverged long ago in their evolutionary relationship

Question 18

What is the 3-domain Classification System based on?

Answer 18

• Based on similarities and differences in molecular information (DNA sequences e.g. gene rRNA)

Question 19

What is included in the 3-domain Classification System?

Answer 19

Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea

Question 20

How does the traditional 3-domain Classification System differ from the 2-domain system (2017)

Answer 20

• The 2-domain system suggests Eukarya emerged from within Archaea (more closely related to each other than to bacteria)
• The 3-domain system shows Eukarya and Archae closely related by them coming off the same branch

Question 21

What are the characteristics of Domain Bacteria?

Answer 21

• Prokaryotic (no nucleus)
• Unicellular
• Has cell walls made with peptidoglycan
• Small 1 to 5 micrometres radius/length

Question 22

What are the characteristics of Domain Archaea?

Answer 22

• Live in extreme conditions (high salinity and high temperatures)
• Prokaryotic (no nucleus)
• Unicellular
• Some have a cell wall made with pseudipeptidoglycan
• Small

Question 23

What are the characteristics of Domain Eukarya?

Answer 23

• Eukaryotic (nucleus)
• Unicellular/multicellular
• Some have a cell wall made with cellulose and chitin
• Cells are large! (10 to 100x larger than a prokaryotic cell)

Question 24

What are the similarities between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?

Answer 24

Both have cytoplasm, DNA, cell membrane, and ribosomes

Question 25

What are the characteristics of a Prokaryote?

Answer 25

- Single circular piece of DNA condensed in the nucleoid - Contain Pili - Lacking membrane-bound organelles - Small

Question 26

What are the characteristics of a Eukaryote?

Answer 26

- Multiple linear pieces of DNA in the nucleus - Has an endomembrane system - Contains organelles (mitochondria) - Big

Question 27

Why are prokaryotic cells small?

Answer 27

- Higher surface area-to-volume ratio, which allows for more efficient nutrient exchange and waste removal across the cell membrane - Prokaryotic cells rely on diffusion (rate of diffusion is effective over short distances), being a small size helps these cells maintain efficient diffusion and energy production

Question 28

How can Eukaryotes be large?

Answer 28

- They have an endomembrane system and membrane-bound organelles that allow for compartmentalization of the cytosol and transport of nutrients and waste (increasing the surface area)

Question 29

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 29

- It occurs when a gene from one species becomes part of the genome of another species

Question 30

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?

Answer 30

- Eukaryotic organelles, such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotic cells. - Around 1.5 billion years ago, a host cell, likely an archaea-like prokaryote, engulfed a bacteria-like prokaryote efficient at aerobic respiration - Leading to a mutually beneficial relationship where the host cell received energy (ATP) and the bacteria gained protection and nutrients - Over time, the engulfed prokaryotes evolved into permanent organelles within the host (allowing them to develop more complex structures and grow larger)

Question 31

What is the evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory?

Answer 31

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: 1. Are the same size as modern prokaryotes 2. Have their own circular DNA 3. Divide by binary fission 4. Have ribosomes more similar to modern bacterial ribosomes (rRNA gene sequences) 5. Many other (endo)symbiotic associations exist e.g. Sea Slug and Boxer Crab

Question 32

What are the two names for ways organisms get their source of energy?

Answer 32

Phototroph and Chemotroph

Question 33

What is a Chemotroph?

Answer 33

Chemical eater for a source of energy

Question 34

What is a Chemoorganotroph?

Answer 34

Chemoorganotroph: Organic molecules (ATP)

Question 35

What is a Chemolithotroph?

Answer 35

Chemolithotroph: Inorganic molecules (oxidized sulphur, H2, and Fe)

Question 36

What is a Phototroph?

Answer 36

Light eater for a source of energy

Question 37

What are the two names for ways organisms get their source of carbon?

Answer 37

Autotroph and Heterotroph

Question 38

What is an Autotroph?

Answer 38

A self-eater who gets carbon from "fixing" CO2

Question 39

What is a Heterotroph?

Answer 39

Eats others, gets carbon from plants, animals and organic molecules