Bio 432 > Topic 1 - Overview > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Overview Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormones

A

They are signalling molecules that traffic specific information from one cell to another, and maintain homeostasis in the body.

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2
Q

What medium does trafficking occur in? (2)

A
  1. Extracellular fluid

2. Blood stream

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3
Q

What are 10 general actions of hormones?

A
  1. They can regulate their won production and release
  2. Fetal development
  3. Cell growth and cancer
  4. Metabolism of macromolecules and mineral and water molecules
  5. Cardiovascular funciton
  6. Renal function
  7. Skeletal function
  8. Reproductive function
  9. Immune function
  10. Central nervous system function
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4
Q

Name 7 hormone types and provide and example for each.

A
  1. Steroids –> Estrogen, Testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone
  2. Peptides –> Oxytocin, Growth hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone, ACTH
  3. Proteins –> Growth hormone
  4. Cholesterol –> Cortisol
  5. Amino Acids –> Epinephrine, thyroid releasing hormone
  6. Fatty Acids –> Retinoic acid
  7. Vitamins –> Vitamin D
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5
Q

What are 3 types of stimuli that tell a hormone to secrete?

A
  1. Blood levels
  2. Central nervous system
  3. Hormones received from an endocrine gland
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6
Q

What are 2 examples of regulatory proteins?

A
  1. Proteins or peptides

2. Vitamins

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7
Q

What are 2 examples of neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Amine acid analog

2. Proteins or peptides

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8
Q

What are 6 examples of paracrine and autocrine factors?

A
  1. Proteins or peptides
  2. Steroids
  3. Fatty acids
  4. Eicosanoids
  5. Oncogene products
  6. Vitamins
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9
Q

MHC

A

Major histocompatibility complex

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10
Q

TLR

A

Toll like receptors

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11
Q

What are 3 functions of cytokines?

A
  1. Paracrine
  2. Autocrine
  3. Juxacrine
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12
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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13
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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14
Q

Where do hormones secrete from? (14)

A
  1. Pineal
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Pituitary
  4. Thyroid
  5. Parathyroid
  6. Heart
  7. Gut
  8. Thymus
  9. Adrenal
  10. Pancreas
  11. Ovaries/ Testis
  12. Kidneys
  13. Adipose
  14. Liver
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15
Q

1st messenger

A

an extracellular substance thats soluble in the plasm of the blood that binds to a cell-surface receptor and initiates intracellular activity.

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16
Q

GPCR

A

G-Protein coupled receptor

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17
Q

What does binding to a GPCR produce?

A

A 2nd messenger

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18
Q

What are 4 examples of 2nd messenger?

A
  1. cAMP
  2. Ca
  3. IP3
  4. DAG
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19
Q

IP3

A

Inositol trisphosphate

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20
Q

DAG

A

Diacylglycerol

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21
Q

2nd messenger

A

A molecule that relays messages in a cell from a receptor on a cell membrane to the final destination where and action within the cell is to take place.

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22
Q

What are 2 main types of control?

A
  1. CNS input –> brains involved

2. Varied input –> endocrine glands involved

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23
Q

What are 2 examples of free standing endocrine glands?

A
  1. Parathyroid gland

2. Pancreas

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24
Q

What can act as a release for certain hormones and initiate the cycle? (4)

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Light
  3. Stress
  4. Hunger
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25
What system are hormones based around?
Desire and effect
26
LH
Luteinizing hormones
27
FSH
Follicle-stimulating hormone
28
What do GnRH control?
The secretion of LH and FSH
29
How does GnRH control hormones? (3)
1. Size 2. Frequency 3. Feedback from estrogen and androgens
30
What hormone do low frequency pulse favours?
FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone
31
What hormone do high frequency pulse favours?
LH - Luteninizing hormone
32
Where are GnRH secreting neurons located?
Primarily in the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus
33
Where are GnRH nerve terminals found?
In the lateral portions of the external layer of the median eminence adjacent to the pituitary stalk.
34
Where do neurotransmitters act compared to hormones?
- Neurotransmitters act via axon and synapse (local) | - Hormones act via blood and receptor path (distance)
35
What synthesizes hormones and releases them?
- Endocrine synthesizes hormones | - Neurotransmitters release them by a specialized secretory pathway or by diffusion (eg. action potential)
36
Where are cytokines released from?
White blood cells
37
What does the adrenal medulla release and what is it important for?
- Catacolome | - Important for regulation and blood pressure
38
Exocrine
Relating to or denoting glands that secrete their products through ducts opening into an epithelium rather than directly into the blood stream
39
Endocrine
Relating to or denoting glands that secrete hormones of other products directly into the blood
40
Autocrine
Is a form of cell signalling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to autocrine receptors on the same cell, leading to changes in the cell
41
Paracrine
Relating to or denoting a hormone that has effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it (local or neighbouring)
42
Juxtacrine
Is a form of cell signalling that requires close contact (neighbouring and touching cells)
43
How is autocrine signalling regulated?
Through a 2 step process followed by controlled release of the hormone from the membrane, it then acts on the same cell
44
How is juxtacrine signalling regulated?
Through a 2 step process, followed by binding to a receptor molecule on a neighbouring cell
45
What is the extracellular matrix rich with?
Carbohydrates
46
Where can concentration be maintained?
Extracellular space
47
Name 2 hormone mechanisms
1. Cell surface receptors | 2. Nuclear receptors
48
What are 4 examples of cell surface receptors?
1. 7-transmembrane domain receptors (GPCR) 2. Receptors with ligand-regulated enzymatic activity eg. tyrosine activity) 3. Cytokine receptors 4. Ligand regulated transports (eg. hepcidin)
49
What are the 2 major subtypes of nuclear receptors?
1. Steroid receptor | 2. Thyroid receptor
50
Agonist
A substance that initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor. It positively effects a biological response
51
Antagonist
A substance that interferes with or inhibits the physiological action of another. It negatively effects a biological response
52
What does ACTH regulate? (2)
Cortisol and glucose in the fight of flight response
53
Partial agonist
Are substances that bind to and activates a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist
54
Partial antagonist
Are substances that bind to and inhibit a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full antagonist - Doesnt fully block
55
Mixed agonist-antagonist
Is a substance or receptor ligand that possesses properties that are similar to both agonist and antagonist for certain receptors sites - Depends on cell type and receptor
56
What are 4 ways to classify hormones?
1. By structure 2. By receptor location 3. By intracellular messengers 4. By solubility
57
What carries out the effects from hormones and what are 3 examples?
Intracellular messengers 1. cAMP 2. IP3 3. Ca
58
How are hormones regulated? (2)
1. Through feedback loops | 2. Through metabolism
59
What happens when the hormone gets phosphorylated? (2)
1. Structural change | 2. Becomes activated
60
BBP
Blood binding proteins
61
What do BBP do?
They effect the control and release stability of hormones in a uniform distribution
62
What are hydrophobic molecules also known as, and where are they bound to
- Steroids | - Bound to plasma proteins
63
Free hormones
- Not bound by plasma proteins | - Clinically and functionally measure of hormone availability
64
What are 2 examples of hormones with binding proteins?
1. GH --> growth hormone | 2. IGF-1 --> Insulin like growth factor 1
65
What is the structure of IGF-1?
It is a single chain polypeptide of 70 amino acids | - Has a specific receptor
66
Where are IGF-1 receptors found?
Found on most tissues with the notable exceptions of liver and adipose tissues
67
Where is IGF-1 produced? (5)
1. Liver with bone 2. Adipose tissue 3. Kidney 4. Muscle 5. Others produce smaller quantities
68
What is bioavailability of IGF-1 determined by?
Its binding proteins
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