Topic 1: Risk

Question 1

Key Definition: Define risk (1 point)

Answer 1

1. The probability of the occurrence of some unwanted event or outcome

Question 2

Key definition: Define risk factor (1 point)

Answer 2

1. Anything that {affects/raises} the chance of harm

Question 3

Key Definition: Define Multifactorial disease (1 point)

Answer 3

1. MANY FACTORS (eg. heredity, physical environment, social environment and lifestyle choices) all contribute to the risk of developing the disease

Question 4

Name 3 non-controllable risk factors for CVD

Answer 4

Non-controllable:

1. Increasing age
2. Gender
3. Genetic predisposition

Question 5

Name 8 controllable risk factors for CVD

Answer 5

Controllable:

1. High blood pressure
2. Stress
3. Smoking
4. Lack of exercise
5. High saturated fat
6. Excessive alcohol intake
7. High salt
8. High cholesterol

Question 6

Key Definition: Define correlation (1 point)

Answer 6

1. A CHANGE in one VARIABLE is ACCOMPANIED by a change in another variable

Question 7

Key Definition: Define positive correlation (1 point)

Answer 7

1. An increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in the other variable

Question 8

Key Definition: Define negative correlation (1 point)

Answer 8

1. An increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in the other variable

Question 9

Key Definition: Define causation (1 point)

Answer 9

1. When an increase in one variable is RESPONSIBLE for an increase or decrease in another variable

Question 10

In 2005 the UK population was 60,209,408.
19,429 people died in the UK due to injuries or poisoning.
Calculate the average risk in 2005 of someone dying in the UK from injuries or poisoning

(a) As a decimal
(b) As a percentage
(c) As a 1 in ………

Answer 10

(a) + (b) Decimal and percentage

60 209 408

(c) 1 in ………

19,429 in 60,209,408

19,429 in 60,209,408
————– ——————
19,429 19,429

  1         in       3099

Question 11

Key Summary: Explain why we might underestimate
the risk of developing CVD due to diet and other lifestyle factors
(4 points)

Answer 11

1. Risk is voluntary – we choose our diet, smoking, alcohol
2. Risk is fair eg. you know what smoking does to the body
3. Risk has an effect a long time in the future
4. Risk is natural – body cells die due to lack of oxygen

Question 12

List the reasons for underestimating risk

5 reasons

Answer 12

1. Risk is voluntary
2. Risk is natural e.g. radiation from sun
3. Risk is not feared
4. Risk has effects a long time into the future
5. Risk is fair

Question 13

Key Summary: Explain why we might overestimate the risk of developing CVD due to diet and other lifestyle factors
(1 point)

Answer 13

1. Risk may be feared – effect of hard hitting {media campaigns/TV adverts}, we may {know someone/have a family member} who has died from a heart attack or stroke

Question 14

List the reasons for overestimating risk

5 reasons

Answer 14

1. Risk is involuntary
2. Risk is unnatural e.g. nuclear radiation
3. Risk is feared
4. Risk has sudden or immediate effects
5. Risk is unfair