Biology > topic 10 classification and evolution > Flashcards

topic 10 classification and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

species

A

a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce live, fertile offspring

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2
Q

what does classification allow scientists to do

A

-identify new species
-study evolutionary relationships
-understand shared traits and adaptations
-share research globally to identify links with organisms on other continents

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3
Q

problems with common names

A
  • species can have a different common name in different places
    -different species can have the same common name
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4
Q

when was the linnaean classification system discovered

A

1700s

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5
Q

lots of taxon are called

A

taxa

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6
Q

is the taxonomic group hierarchical

A

yes

broadest groups containing the most species at top and most specific groups at bottom

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7
Q

the 8 major taxonomic groups

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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8
Q

three domains orgnisms can be classified into

A

bacteria
archaea
eukarya

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9
Q

which domain includes all eukaryotes

A

eukarya

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10
Q

4 kingdoms in eukarya

A

plantae (plants)
animalia (animals)
protoctista (unicellular eukaryotes)
fungi (eg yeasts)

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11
Q

he binomial name consists

A

-the genus- has uppercase first letter
-the species - all lowercase

underlined or italicised when written down

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12
Q

the five kingdom system was developed as more organisms were discovered. what are they

A

prokaryotae
animalia
plantae
fungi
protoctista

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13
Q

which of the five kingdoms are eukaryotic

A

animalia
plantae
fungi
protoctista

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14
Q

prokaryotae features

A

-all unicellular
-no nucelus or membrane bound organelles
-dna forms circular loop and not bound to histone proteins
-small 70S proteins
-nutrients by absorbtion from the environment through the cell wall or by photosynthesis
-autotrophic, heterotrophic or parasitic
-contain cell wall often made of peptidoglycan
-stores sugar in glycogen
-reproduces through binary fission

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15
Q

animalia features

A

-all multicellular organisms
-heterotrophic
-glucose is stored as polysaccharide glycogen
-cells of animalia have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles but never chloroplasts or a cell wall
-movement often occurs by protein contraction (Eg muscles)
-reproduction can vary

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16
Q

plantae features

A

-multicellular
-cellulose cell wall as well as chlorophyll in chloroplasts
-autotrophic and use photosynthesis
-glucose stored as starch
-most dont move but have exceptions like the venus fly trap and in some the male gametes use flagella t o move
-contain nucleus and membrane bound organelles
-use seeds or spores to reproduce

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17
Q

fungi features

A

-unicellular or multiccellular w a body made of hyphae
-cell wall made of chitin
-consist of fine threads called hyphae forming a larger mass called mycelium
-cannot move and cannot photosynthesise and never contain chlorophyll
-fungi are saprophytes meaning they absorb nutrients from around them often from decaying matter
-use glycogen as a storage form of glucose
-some fungi are parasites
-reproduce through spores

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18
Q

protocista features

A

-most are unicellular but some are multicellular
-can be heterotrophic such as amoeba or autotrophic like euglena. some are parasites like giardia
-some move using flagella or cillia while amoeba move by spreading which is called amoeboid movement. some have no active mechanism of moving at all
-nucleus and other membrane bound organelles are present sometimes including chloroplasts

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19
Q

why did Carl Woese propose a new taxonomic group

A

he analysed ribosomal RNA from a range of prokaryotes including Ecoli and found archeabacteria are very different to bacteria such as Ecoli such as the cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan and
different protein synthesis

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20
Q

what was the new taxonomic group carl woese proposed

A

domain

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21
Q

what did the three domain system propose and why

A

six kingdoms instead of five because there is evidence for splitting the kingdom prokayote into two seperate kingdoms, eubacteria and archeabacteria

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22
Q

domain bacteria features

A

-contains the kingdom eubacteria only, found in all environments
-prokaryotic unicellular organisms
-distinct cell membrane lipids
-have peptidoglycan in their cell walls
-unique RNA polymerase enzyme

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23
Q

domain archae features

A

-contains the kingdom archeabacteria only, typivally found in extreme environments
-prokaryotic unicellular organisms
-have histones so genes and protein synthesis is more similar to eukarya than bacteria
-no peptidoglycan in their cell walls
-different cell membranes that contain fatty acids bound to glycerol by either linkages
-have more complex form of RNA polymerase than bacteria

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24
Q

domain eukarya

A

-contains four kingdoms from the five kingdom system, animalia, plantae, fungi, protoctista
-all have nucli and membrane bound organelles

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25
phylogeny
the evolutionary relationships between organisms
26
what does the phylogenetic classification reveal about organisms
how closely related they are
27
adavantages of phylogenetic classification
-it produces a continuous tree that doesnt force organisms into specific taxonomic groups they dont quite fit -there is no overlap between the groups produced
28
what do phylogenetic trees show
how different species can evolve from an common ancestor
29
features of phylogenetic trees
-time flows from the bottom to the top. species further in the past are shown at the bottom and more recent at the top -the branch points are called nodes and they show a common ancestor of the descendants from that node -two descendants from the same node are called sister groups -at the base of the tree is the common ancestor of all the species shown on the tree
30
the proximity of species to each other on the phylogenetic trees indicates
the closeness of the evolutionary relationship
31
artifical classification groups organims based on
differences that are useful at the time such as colour and size
32
modern taxonomy uses this evidence to determine phylogeny
-molecular comparisons -development studies -anatomical examinations -behavioural analyses
33
what is the theory of evolution by natural selection
that organisms best suited to their environment are likely to survive, reproduce and pass on their advantagous characteristsics to their offspring
34
what are fossils
the remains of organisms preserved in rocks
35
key evidence from fossil records supporting evolution
-simple bacteria and algae fossils are found in the oldest rocks progressing to more complex vertebrates in newer rocks -plant fossils appear before those of animals that feed on these plants indictaing a natural order of evolution
36
why the fossil record is incomplete
-many organisms decompose before they can fossilise -fossilisation is uncommon and requires very specific conditions for an organisms to be preserved -some organisms fossilise very rarely eg animals without a skeleton -fossils can be lost due to erosion or geological processes -many organisms have not yet been discovered
37
how comparative anatomy provides evidence for evolution
-organisms who share homologous structures likely evolved from a common ancestor and adapted these structures for different functions -homologous structures are evidence for divergent evolution where organisms evolve different adaptive traits as they occupy new ecological niches
38
what are homologous structures
-homologous structures are physical features in different species but have the same internal structure but may serve different functions
39
what does comparative biochemistry involve studying
the molecular aspects of organisms to uncover evolutionary relationships
40
useful molecules to study evolutionary links
-cytochrome c- protein involved in aerobic respiration found inmost eukaryotic organisms -ribosomal RNA- integral to protein synthesis so changes slowly -nuclear, mitochondrial or chloroplast DNA -messenger RNA -amino acids
41
why are noncritical amino acids useful to identify evolutionary links
amino acids essential for a proteins function are highly conserved but non critical amino acids chnage overtime as species evolve and by conparing these amino acid sequences can show hoe closely related species are (cytochrome c's amino acids are usually used to make these comparisons)
42
hypothesis of neutral evolution states that
most variability in a molecules structure does not affect its function
43
why the hypothesis of neutral evolution is useful in the study of evolution
-'neutral ' changes that dont affect the function accumulate at a fairly regular rate as they are not affected by natural selection. comparing the rates of neutral substitutions in the molecular sequences of species lets scientists estimate the time since two species diverged from a common ancestor. (more differences , more ancient divergence)
44
variation
differences observed among individuals within any given population
45
genetic variation is caused by
the genetic material that an organism inherits
46
sources of genetic variation
-mutations -meiosis -random fertilisation -random mating
47
in organisms that carry out asexual reproduction what causes genetic variation
mutations
48
environmental factors that cause variation
-light -nutrient and food availability -tempreture -rainfall -soil conditions -ph
49
polygenes
genes that work together to influence a single phenotypic trait
50
what type of variation are polygenes usually and why
continuous variation because they exhibit a range of phenotypes forming a continuum
51
intraspecific variation
variation between members of the same species variation between members of the same species is less pronounced
52
interspecific variation
variation that occur between different species variation is often very significant
53
continuous variation
when there is a range of values between two extremes without distinct categories which produce a spectrum of phenotypes -typically affected by genes, polygenes and environment
54
continuous variation can have any value within a range what is this called
continuum of values
55
how is continuous variation usually represented
histogram overlaid with a curve / normal distribution curve
56
discontinuous variation (discrete)
features that can only have specific values -often controlled by a single gene
57
how is discontinuous variation usually represented
bar chart
58
what does standard deviation measure
how spread out the values are from the mean
59
what is a students t test
a statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between the mean values of a particular variable across two populations
60
conditions for using a unpaired t test
-in two categorical groups -from two different individuals -interval data (same scale)
61
when do you reject the null hypothesis
if the value of t is greater or equal to the critical value
62
conditions of using paired t test
-two categorical groups that include the same individuals -each measurement in one group is paired with a measurement in the other group -both groups are the same size
63
2 types of t test
-unpaired t test- used when comparing means of two groups of different individuals -paired t test- used when comparing the means of two sets of data that have come from the same individuals
64
positive correlation
when both variables increase or decrease together
65
negative correlation
when one variable increases as the other decreases
66
non existant correlation
when there is no clear correlation indicated by a correlation coefficient close to 0
67
a coefficient correlation of 1 indicates a
perfect, positive, linear correlation where all points lie on a straight line
68
spearmans rank correlation coefficient is used to measure
the strength and direction associated between two continuous variables that are not normally distributed
69
process for calculating spearmans rank correlation before plugging into the formula
-convert raw data values of each variable into ranks from the smallest to largest value -if two values are the same for one variable give them an average rank -determine the difference in ranks for each pair of values
70
in the formula to calulate the spearmans rank correlation what does d, p and n stand for
d- differences of ranks p- spearmans rank correlation coefficient n- number of pairs of data
71
if your correlation coefficient is equal to or greater than the critical value then
you have a significant result and can reject the null hypothesis
72
if your correlation coefficient is smaller than the critical value then
it is not significant and u cannot reject the null hypothesis
73
a p value near +1 indicates
a strong positive correlation
74
a p value near - 1 indicates
a strong negative correlation
75
a p value near 0 indicates
no correlation
76
adaptations
inherited characteristics that enhance organisms ablity to survive and reproduce in its specific environment
77
3 adaptation categories
-anatomical - physical structure internal and external -behavioural - activities and responses whether inherited or learned -physiological - internal biological functions
78
anatomical adaptations examples
-eyespots -streamlined body shape of dolphins -rolled up leaves with stomata on the inside in sunken pits with fine hairs projecting inwards -body coverings -camoflague -mimicry -teeth
79
innate, instinctive , behavioural adaptations examples
-defensive responses -courtship displays -seasonal actions
80
learned behavioural adaptations examples
- tool use
81
physiological adaptations examples
-antifreeze proteins
82
analogous structures
features in different species that serve similar functions but originate from different evolutionary paths
83
convergent evolution
when unrelated species develop similar traits as they adapt to similar environmental challenges and selection pressures
84
examples of convergent evolution
-anti freeze proteins -both dolphins and sharks have adapted to develop dorsal fins - both marsupial moles and placental moles have both evolved to live undergroud, have spade like forelimbs evolved for digging, narrow stream lined body and velvety fur
85
selection pressures are
factors that affect the survival of organisms in an environment
86
selection pressure examples
- predation -competition for resources -climate change - disease
87
fitness describes an organisms ability to
survive and reproduce
88
an allele is a
variant form of a gene. different alleles can result in different observeable traits
89
genetic diversity
total number of different alleles in a population
90
how does genetic diversity lead to variation
different combinations of alleles mean different proteins are produced resulting in different chararcteristics
91
gene pool
the alleles present in a population
92
process of natural selection
- there is variation in characteristics within a species due to alleles present -more genetic variation emerges due to random mutations -most cases the mutation is harmful but could lead to a new advantages allele -those with the advantageous allele are more likely to survive and reproduce-survival of the fittest -the advantageous allele is passed onto offspring -overtime the beneficial alleles become more common and more frequent in the gene pool
93
selection pressure for anibiotic resistance
antibiotics
94
antibiotic resistance example
MRSA
95
example of pesticide resistance
the colorado potatoe beetle
96
stabilising selection takes place when
when environmental conditions are not changing. extremes of phenotypes are selected against
97
example of stabilising selection
birth weight because extremes are more likely to have a higher mortality
98
directional selection takes place when
when the environment changes. one phenotype is selected over another
99
example of stabilising selection
antibiotic resistance
100
Autotrophic
organisms that can produce their own food from inorganic substances, using either light or chemical energy
101
heterotrophic
eats other animals or plants, rather than making its own food
102
Saprophytic
obtaining nourishment from dead and decaying organic matter, like the remains of plants and animals
Biology
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