GCSE Chemistry > Topic 10 - Using Resources (2) > Flashcards

Topic 10 - Using Resources (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
What are ceramics?

A

non-metal solids with high melting points that aren’t made from carbon based compounds

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2
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
What can some ceramics be made from?

A

clay

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3
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
What are the main properties of clay?

A
  • it’s a soft material when it’s dug up out of the ground, so can be moulded into different shapes
  • when it’s fired at high temperatures, it hardens to form a clay ceramic
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4
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
What do the properties of clay make it ideal for?

A

pottery and bricks
(it can be moulded when wet and then it hardens)

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5
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
Give two examples of a ceramic?

A

clay ceramic or glass

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6
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
What are the main properties of glass?

A

generally transparent and can be moulded when hot and can be brittle when thin

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7
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
What is most glass made from?
How is this made?

A
  • most glass is made from soda-lime glass
  • made by heating a mixture of limestone, sand and sodium carbonate until it melts
  • when the mixture cools it comes out as glass
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8
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
What type of glass has a higher melting point than soda-lime glass?
How is that made?

A
  • borosilicate glass
  • it’s made by heating a micture of sand and boron trioxide until it melts
  • it cools to form glass
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9
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
What are composites made from?
Describe how they are structured

A

one material embedded in another.
- fibres or fragments of a material (known as the reinforcement) are surrounded by a matrix acting as a binder.

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10
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
What do the properties of a composite depend on?

A

the materials that it is made from

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11
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
Fibreglass:
- what is it made from?
- what are its properties?
- what is it used for?

A
  • made of fibres of glass embedded in a matrix of polymer
  • it has a low density (like plastic) but is very strong (like glass)
  • it’s used for things like skis, boats and surfboards
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12
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
Carbon fibre:
- what is it made from?
- what are its properties?
- what is it used for?

A
  • a polymer matrix with a reinforcement of either chains of carbon atoms bonded together (carbon fibres) or from carbon nanotubes
  • very strong and light
  • used in aerospace and sports car manufacturing
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13
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
Concrete:
- what is it made from
- what are it’s properties
- what is it used for

A
  • made from aggregate (a mixture of sand and gravel) embedded in cement
  • it’s very strong
  • used for building material e.g. in skate parks
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14
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
What is wood made from?

A

A natural composite of cellulose fibres held together by an organic polymer matrix

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15
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
Give four examples of composites

A

Fibreglass
Carbon fibre
Concrete
Wood

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16
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
What two things influence the properties of a polymer?

A

how it’s made and what it’s made from

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17
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
What do the properties of poly (ethene) depend on?

A

the catalyst that was used and the reaction conditions (the temperature and pressure) that it was under

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18
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
What is low density (LD) poly(ethene) made from and what is it used for?
Give one property

A
  • made from ethene at a moderate temperature under a high pressure
  • it’s flexible and used for bags and bottles
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19
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
How is high density (HD) poly(ethene) made and what is it used for?
Give one property

A
  • made from ethene but at a lower temperature and pressure with a catalyst
  • it’s more rigid and used fro water tanks ans drainpipes
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20
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
What do the monomers that a polymer is made from determine?

A

the type of bond that forms between the polymer chains

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21
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
What do the bonds between the polymer chains determine?

A

the properties of the polymer

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22
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
How are thermosoftening poymers structured, what are their properties?

A
  • contain individual polymer chains entwined together with weak forces between the chains
  • you can melt these plastics and remould them
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23
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
How are thermosetting polymers structured, what are their properties?

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A
  • contain monomers that can form cross-links between the polymer chains, holding the chains together in a solid structure
  • they are strong, hard and rigid (the don’t soften when heated like thermosoftening polymers)
24
Q

CERAMICS, COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS:
what are polymers?

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A

long chains of repeating molecules

25
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS: What does the uses of different materials depend on?
their properties
26
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS: What are some examples of ceramics?
glass and clay ceramics such as porcelain and bricks
27
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS: What are the main 3 properties of ceramics?
insulators (of heat and electricity) brittle stiff
28
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS: Name 2 applications of polymers?
clothing insulators in electrical items
29
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS: What are the 3 main properties of polymers?
insulators (of heat and electricity) can be flexible are easily moulded
30
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS: What do the properties of composites depend on?
the matrix/binder and the reinforcement used to make them (so they have many different uses)
31
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS: What are the 5 main properties of metals?
- malleble - good conductors of heat and electricity - ductile (canbe drawn into wires) - shiny -stiff
32
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS: Name 3 uses of metals?
- electrical wires - car body work - cutlery
33
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS: What does porous mean?
absorbs water
34
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS: How and why are alloys made?
by adding another element to the metal this disrupts the structure of the metal, making alloys harder than pure metals
35
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS: What are alloys of iron called? How are they made?
- steels - by adding small amounts of carbon and sometimes other metals to iron
36
ALLOYS: How is bronze made? What properties does it have? What is it used for?
Bronze = copper + tin - bronze in harder than coper - used in medals, decorative ornaments and statues
37
ALLOYS: How is brass made? What properties does it have? What is it used for?
brass = copper + zinc - more malleable than bronze - can be used in situations where less friction is required, such as in water taps and door fittings
38
ALLOYS: How are gold alloys made? What properties do they have? What are they used for?
- metals suchs as zinc, copper and silver are used to harden the gold - this makes it harder than pure gold - they are used to make jewellery
39
ALLOYS: How can the amount of gold in an alloy be described?
- pure gold is described as 24 carat - so 18 carat means that 18 out of 24 parts of the alloy are pure gold (75%)
40
ALLOYS: Why is aluminium good for aircraft manufacturing? Why does an alloy have to be used instead?
- it has a low density - pure aluminum is too soft so it is alloyed with small amounts of other metals to make it stronger
41
CORROSION: What is corrosion?
corrosion is where metals react with substances in their environment and are gradually destroyed
42
CORROSION: Name a metal that corrodes easily? What is this corrosion called?
- iron - rust (only used to descrie the corrosion of iron)
43
CORROSION: What two things are needed for iron to rust?
oxygen and water (both present in air)
44
CORROSION: What is rust actually?
the compound hydrated iron (III) oxide
45
CORROSION: What is the equation for rusting?
iron + oxygen + water --> hydrated iron (III) oxide (iron is oxidised)
46
CORROSION: Where in a material does corrosion happen?
on the surface (where it's exposed to the air)
47
CORROSION: How can all the iron in an object corrode away even if it wasn't initially at the surface?
rust is a soft, crumbly solid that soon flakes off to leave more iron availiable to rust again
48
CORROSION: Why aren't aluminium objects completely destroyed by corrosion?
- aluminium also corrodes when exposed to air - the aluminium oxide that forms when alumnium corrodes doesn't flake away - it instead forms a protective layer that sticks firmly to the aluminium below and stops any further reaction taking place
49
CORROSION: What will happen if you put an iron nail in a boiling tube with boiled water and oil? Why?
- it won't rust - the water is boiled to remove oxygen - oil stops air getting in (rusting needs oxygen and water, ther is no oxygen))
50
CORROSION: If you put an iron nail in a boiling tube with calcium chloride what will happen? Why?
- it won't rust - calcium chloride absorbs any water from the air
51
CORROSION: What will happen if you put an iron nail in a boiling tube with both air and water? Why?
- it will rust - there is both oxygen and water
52
CORROSION: What are the two methods used to prevent rusting?
- coating the iron with a barrier to keep out the water and oxygen - sacrificial method
53
CORROSION: Explain the 3 main methods for creating a barrier between the iron and air + water?
- painting / coating with plastic - can be used for big and small structures, can be decorative - electroplating - used electrolysis to reduce metal ions onto an iron electrode. It can be used to coat the iron with a layer of a different material that won't be corroded away - oiling / greasing - has to be used when moving parts are involved, like on bike chains
54
CORROSION: Expain the sacrificial method of preventing rusting?
placing a more reactive metal such as zinc or magnesium with the iron. Water and oxygen then reat with the sacrificial metal instead of with the iron
55
CORROSION: Give an example of how both protection techniques are used to prevent corrosion?
- an object can be galvanised by spraying it with a coating of zinc - the zinc is firstly protective, but if it's scratched, the zinc around the site of the scratch works as a sacrificial metal
56
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