Topic 2

Question 1

energy definition

Answer 1

capacity to cause change

Question 2

energy types

Answer 2

chemical bond, heat, electrical, heat, mechanical

Question 3

thermodynamics definition

Answer 3

study of energy transformations

Question 4

closed system eg

Answer 4

liquid/food in a thermos

Question 5

open system eg

Answer 5

energy transformed in reactions

Question 6

ATP breakdown

Answer 6

ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi + ENERGY

Question 7

2 uses of ATP

Answer 7

mechanical and transport work

Question 8

exergonic

Answer 8

catabolic
breakdown
release energy
delta G = -ve
combustion
spontaneous

Question 9

endergonic

Answer 9

anabolic
build up
consume energy
non-spontaneous
delta G = +ve
hydrolysis

Question 10

activation energy

Answer 10

energy required for a reaction to occur

Question 11

how do enzymes work

Answer 11

lowers energy barrier so less free energy is required as the reactants are less stable

Question 12

photosynthesis

Answer 12

6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 13

light dependant reactions

Answer 13

1. light enters and breaks H2O down into H+ and O2
2. light reduces NADPH into NADP+ and H+
3. H+ ions are pushed against the conc gradient as ADP + Pi create ATP

Question 14

light independent reactions

Answer 14

1. carbon fixation of 3 CO2 into 3PGA
2. 6NADPH -> 6NADP+ + H+
3. 6ATP -> 6ADP + Pi
4. reduction of 3PGA into 6GA3P
5. 1 GA3P -> 1/2 glucose
6. 3 ATP -> 3 ADP + Pi
7. 5GA3P -> 5 RuBP

Question 15

photorespiration

Answer 15

O2 competitively inhibits RuBP to produced phosphoglycerate which inhibits the calvin cycle

Question 16

cellular respiration

Answer 16

glucose + 6 oxygen -> 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water

Question 17

stages of ACR

Answer 17

glycolysis
pyruvative oxidation
TCA
oxidative phosphorylation

Question 18

glycolysis

Answer 18

1. glucose -> fructose-1,6-biphosphate
2. 2 ATP-> 2 ADP
3. F-1,6-BP -> 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
4. 2 G3P -> 2 pyruvate
5. 4ADP -> 4ATP
6. 2 NAD+ -> 2 NADH

Question 19

pyruvative oxidation

Answer 19

pyruvate -> acetyl CoA
NAD+ -> NADH
CoA -> CO2

Question 20

TCA

Answer 20

1. acetyl CoA -> citrate + CoA
2. citrate -> 5C + CO2
3. NAD+ -> NADH
4. 5C -> 4C + CO2
5. NAD+ -> NADH
6. GDP + Pi -> GTP
7. FAD+ -> FADH
8. 4C + H2O -> oxaloacetate

Question 21

ETC / OP

Answer 21

1. NADH -> NAD+ + H+ e-
2. FADH2 -> FAD+ + H+ + e-
3. O2 + H+ -> H2O
4. H+ pushed against conc gradient and ADP -> ATP

Question 22

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 22

glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi -> 2 lactate + 2ATP

Question 23

alcoholic fermentation

Answer 23

glucose + 2ADP + Pi -> 2 ethanol + 2CO2 + 2ATP

Question 24

glycogenesis

Answer 24

7 steps that produce glucose

Question 25

lipid metabolism

Answer 25

fatty acetyl CoA + NAD+ + FAD + H2O + HS-CoA -> new fatty acid CoA + acetyl CoA + NADH + H+ + FADH2

Question 26

protein metabolism stages

Answer 26

1. transamination 2. oxidative determination 3. urea cycle

Question 27

3 enzyme cofactors

Answer 27

coenzymes prosthetic groups inhibitors

Question 28

coenzymes

Answer 28

complex non-protein organic molecules that transfer chemicals b/w enzyme active sites

Question 29

prosthetic groups

Answer 29

non-protein organic molecules that permanently bind to an enzymes active site

Question 30

inhibitors

Answer 30

molecules that prevent enzymes binding to a substrate

Question 31

allosteric regulation

Answer 31

a non-substrate enzyme binds to the allosteric site to change enzyme shape to activate or inhibit the enzyme

Question 32

metabolic regualtion

Answer 32

allosteric enzymes help set pace of glycolysis and TCA cycle using feedback inhibition

Question 33

cell communication steps

Answer 33

1. signal perception 2. intracellular signal transduction 3. cellular response

Question 34

4 signals

Answer 34

autocrine juxtacrine paracrine hormones

Question 35

autocrine signal

Answer 35

affects the cell that makes the signal

Question 36

juxtacrine

Answer 36

affects the cells that are adjacent

Question 37

paracrine

Answer 37

affects nearby cells

Question 38

hormones

Answer 38

affects cells that the signal travels to

Question 39

3 types of receptors

Answer 39

ion channel receptor enzyme occupied receptor G protein

Question 40

signal transduction pathway

Answer 40

1. signal arrives 2. signal binds to receptor 3. signal changes active site pf receptor 4. activated receptor activates pathway