Topic 2

Question 1

Epithelial cells

Answer 1

Cells in the lungs that assist the removal of mucus and bacteria

Question 2

Goblet cells

Answer 2

Cells in the lungs the release mucus

Question 3

Mucus

Answer 3

Thick, viscous liquid that is released to trap pathogens

Question 4

Proteins

Answer 4

Biological molecules made of amino acids

Question 5

R group

Answer 5

The functional and variable group on an amino acid

Question 6

Peptide bond

Answer 6

The bond that is formed between an amin group on one amino acid and the carboxyl group on another

Question 7

Primary structure

Answer 7

Defined by the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Question 8

Secondary structure

Answer 8

Development of the primary structure when the polypeptide chain folds into an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet

Question 9

Tertiary structure

Answer 9

Defined by the bonding (covelant ionic or di sulphate bridges) between R groups in the secondary structure

Question 10

Quaternary structure

Answer 10

When the tertiary structure involves more than 1 polypeptide chain

Question 11

Fibrous protien

Answer 11

A fibrous protein (collagen) where insoluble R groups face out and the secondary structure is an alpha helix

Question 12

Globular protien

Answer 12

The soluble R groups face out (haemoglobin) and there is a quaternary structure

Question 13

Phospholipid bi layer

Answer 13

The layer of two phospholipids arranged with hydrophobic tails facing in and hydrophilic heads facing out. Allows integral proteins and fluidity of the membrane

Question 14

Glycoprotein

Answer 14

Glycogen chain that is attached to an external protein. Acts as a chemical messenger for the cell

Question 15

Glycolipid

Answer 15

A glycogen chain directly attached to the phospholipid bi layer. Acts as a chemical messenger for the cell

Question 16

Channel protiens

Answer 16

Integral proteins that allow for the facilitated diffusion of large or polar molecules across the contraction gradient

Question 17

Carrier proteins

Answer 17

Integral proteins that allow for facilitated diffusion and active transport

Question 18

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 18

Diffusion through the phospholipid bi layer (of large and/or polar molecules) across the concentration gradient via an integral protein

Question 19

Active transport

Answer 19

Movement of substance through the phospholipid bi layer against the contraction gradient that requires ATPs to be carried out.

Question 20

Exocytosis

Answer 20

Movement of very large molecules out of the cell (proteins, glucose) via a vesicule

Question 21

Endocytosis

Answer 21

Movement of very large or polar molecules into the cell via a vesicule

Question 22

CFTR protien

Answer 22

Integral proteins in the epithelial cells that allow the diffusion of Cl- ions. People with CF don’t have (or have a faulty) CF protiens

Question 23

Vas Deferens

Answer 23

The seminal duct in the penis. Males with CF can be infertile as this duct can become blocked

Question 24

Fertilisation

Answer 24

The sperm reaching the egg cell inside the uterus during reproduction

Question 25

Enzyme substrate complex

Answer 25

The term given to the interaction between an enzyme and a substrate when the substrate successfully interacts with the active site

Question 26

Activation energy

Answer 26

The energy required for a reaction to take place

Question 27

Intracellular reactions

Answer 27

When an enzyme operates on the inside of the cell

Question 28

Extracellular reactions

Answer 28

When a reaction happens on the outside of the cell

Question 29

Catabolic

Answer 29

An enzyme that puts two (or more) substrates together

Question 30

Anabolic

Answer 30

When an enzyme breaks things down

Question 31

Mutations

Answer 31

A random change in the base sequence of DNA (addition, subtraction, substitution)

Question 32

Codon

Answer 32

The triplet base pairs on a strand of mRNA

Question 33

Anticodon

Answer 33

The complementary base pairs on tRNA for a codon on mRNA

Question 34

Transcription

Answer 34

•DNA unzips and unwinds (helicase) • RNA nucleotides line up along the template strand (complementary base pairing) •RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides (condensation reactions forming water and phosphodiester bonds) • New mRNA strand exits the nucleus via the nuclear pore

Question 35

Translation

Answer 35

•mRNA arches to a ribosome •tRNA lines up on mRNA (complementary base pairing between codons and anticodons) •Peptide bonds form between amino acids on tRNA

Question 36

Semi conservative replications

Answer 36

DNA replication that creates two daughter strands identical to the parent strand. Each has one strand from the original and so is semi conservative of the original strand

Question 37

Chorionic Villi Sampling (CVS)

Answer 37

• This happens between 08-12 weeks of pregnancy. • Embryonic tissue is taken from the placenta and DNA is analysed • This causes less risk to the foetus than amniocentesis

Question 38

Amniocentesis

Answer 38

• Amniotic fluid is taken using a needle • DNA in foetal cells is analysed for disorder • Slower and more dangerous than CVS