Problematic Theories
-Blending inheritance: what is it?
variation will _______ over time.
-Inheritance of aquired traits
-offspring have traits that are a mix of their parents. reduce
-Lamarck. favourable traits in parents are passed down. not random.
Mendel
-blending vs __________ inheritance
-used what type of breeding for peas?
-what happened when self crossed?
-What phenotypes did he look at?
Particular
-true breeding
-same phenotype
-seed colour shape, pod colour shape, flower colour position and overall plant height
What are the 3 things Mendel considered
- true breeding strains (either recessive or dominant, but homozygous)
- single trait at a time (while blending looks overall)
- quantitative: counted the offspring
Crossing pea plants
What is the parental generation called? The first generation?
-What was initially bred
The dominant allele codes for a _______ ______ while the recessive does not. How is pea colour determined?
-Draw the graph for chlorophyll breakdown between a/a, A/a, and A/A
-P0 and F1 (filial)
-true breeding of homozygous dominant (yellow) and homo recessive (green)
-functional protein. Presence of enzyme that breaks down chlorophyll.
Segregation : what is it?
P Generation: what do we cross?
What happens with F1 generation?
Phenotypes?
Single character / monohybrid cross
2 true breeding with different phenotypes
-self fertilize
-the yellow will initially only be present, while in the next generation, green will be restored in a 3:1 ratio in the F2 generation.
-each organism is haploid/diploid?
Homozygous =
Heterozygous =
Is the 3:1 phenotypic outcome garunteed?
-diploid with 2 alleles
-2 alleles are same and produce 1 type of gamete
-2 alleles are different and produce 2 types of gametes
No.
Are all yellow seeds in the F2 generation the same?
How can we determine if its homo or hetero?
-What if it is homo vs hetero?
No
Test cross. The tester is a homozygous recessive genotype
Homo: all dominant phenotype
Hetero: 50% dominant and 50% recessive or 1:1
Mendels Hypothesis
-adult plants carry 2 _____ that govern _______
-if an individuals genes has different alleles, one will be ________ and mask the other
copies of factors (genes), inheritance of a character
-dominant
Mendel’s principle of segregation- What is it?
-what is meiosis
-half (_____) carry 1 allele
-the other half carry the other.
Diploid organisms get 1 allele from each parent.
-the pair of alleles that control a character separate as gametes
-haploid
What is product rule
What is sum rule
-probability of 2 independent events occurring in succession
-probability of an outcome that can be achieved by 2 or more mutually exclusive events is the sm of their individual probabilities
Monohybrid cross is between ______.
-probability of gamete inheriting 1 of 2 _____ is random.
-genotype probability is determined by product of _____.
2 heterozygotes (for a gene)
-alleles during meiosis
-probabilities of acquiring each from the mother and father
Transmission genetics have a basis in ______.
-Walter Sutton noticed (3) and Invented the _________.
meiosis
1. chromosomes occur as pairs in diploid organisms
2. chromosomes of each pair segregate in gametes
3. seperation is independent of other pairs
-Chromosomal theory of inheritance
Segregation of alleles reflects what?
-gene pairs are located where?
-which place of meiosis does it occur
seperation of chromosomes in meiosis
-homologous chromosomes
-anaphase I
Is dominance universally observed?
-Only in which type of genetics does the dominant mask the recessive?
-Incomplete dominance
-Codominance
No
Mendelian Genetics
A mixture of both traits is present
Both traits exist
-What is it called when over 2 alleles for the same gene
-Mendelian segregation preserves ______.
-What did it not explain
polymorphic, polyallelic, multi allelic
-genetic variation
-what occurred in populations
Complex traits (Mendelian only explained discrete)
-Variation in phenotype with same ____
-What are complex traits
-What else can influence this distribution and how
Genotype
They are polygenic, and more genes/alleles control a single trait, making a smooth curve
-environmental conditions with genetics make it smoother
Is it possible for individuals to have the same phenotype but different genotype?
Same genotype different phenotypes?
Yes
Yes, there is always slight variation in continuous genetics
