Topic 2

Question 1

3 general types of marginalizations

Answer 1

1. Gender
   
   2. Ethnicity
      
      3. Socio-Economic

Question 2

Who were clan chiefs appointed by?

Answer 2

Clan Mothers

Question 3

what is the story of creation

Question 4

3 main impacts of colonial settlers imposing the patriarchy on indigenous culture

Answer 4

Impacts:
1. Policies of colonization were the disruption of long-standing matriarchal Structures, where women held significant social, economic, and political power

2. Colonization implemented a patriarchal system cantered around capital values - Women's roles were diminished and matriarchal systems were dismantled

3. Colonization aimed to take over land and resources, and reconfigure social structures that resulted in the marginalization of indigenous Women.

Question 5

what were indigenous attitudes toward LGTBTQ+ community

Answer 5

“TWO SPIRIT” to refer to the LGBTQ+ community

Cree “Aayahkwew” = neither a man nor woman

Navajo “Nadleehe” =one who changes

Question 6

was there respect between men and women

Answer 6

Women respected men’s physical strength and Men respected women’s spiritual strength

Question 7

Europeans brought female inferiority with them, legally, socially, economically. However during the fur trade, some women were able to increase their status.

Women could not vote, own property, or enter into contracts

Question 8

3 main ways settlers imposed this new idology

Answer 8

Euro imposed their policy through:

1. Indian Act (1851)
2. Indian Status
3. Residential Schools (Break the kinship)

Question 9

how did the patriarchy affect the matriarchal structure already in place, how did affect women?

Answer 9

Impact on women’s lives:
1. Undermine their roles - leadership and decision making
2. Loss of land and livelihood impoverished them
3. Loss of culture - racism

Question 10

what is the Royal Proclamation of 1763

Answer 10

British document stating that the crown and indigenous peoples must negotiate for the land (Acknowledging that they had inherent right to the land)

Question 11

what are treaties?

Answer 11

Negotiated agreements between sovereign nations.

Question 12

what years - Treaties of peace and Neutrality

Answer 12

1701-1760

Question 13

what years- Peace and Friendship Treaties

Answer 13

1725-1779

Question 14

Upper Canada Land Surrenders and the Williams Treaties

Answer 14

(1764-1862/1923)

Question 15

Robinson Treaties and Douglas Treaties

Answer 15

1850-1854

Question 16

Treaties until —- were about making peace and after were about land acquirement

Answer 16

1764

Question 17

what are modern treaties

Answer 17

(Comprehensive land claim agreements) settle issues of aboriginal rights on land where no historical treaty was signed.

Question 18

British North America (BNA) Act (Called Constitution Act after 1982)

Answer 18

1867 - Law passed to establish Canada at Confederation - Provinces, territories, etc

Question 19

what year, what was: Indian Act

Answer 19

1876 - Passed by Canadian government that imposed a set of rules and policies over “Indians, and lands reserved for Indians”. Felt deeply by indigenous communities to present day. This established terms such as “Status Indian” and “Non-Status Indian” and “Band”

Question 20

what was the Consistution act (BNA act) like after 1982

Answer 20

Canada has full sovereignty as independent country. Recognized existing aboriginal treaty rights in the “Charter of Rights and Freedoms”. Also gave provinces ability to edit aboriginal and treaty rights

Question 21

what year, what was: United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People (UNDRIP)

Answer 21

2007 - constitute the minimum standards for the survival, dignity and well-being of the indigenous peoples of the world.

Question 22

where did “Aboriginal People” term popularized?

Answer 22

Used in Constitution Act 1982 to refer to Indigenous Peoples in Canada as a collective. This includes First Nations, Metis, and Inuit Peoples. Become more widely used term since 2007.

Question 23

Aboriginal rights “Indigenous rights”

Answer 23

Set of loosely defined rights in section 35 of the Constitution Act 1982. These rights are collective, belonging to groups, not individuals. Inherent rights as first occupants of the land.

Question 24

Guthrie Valaskakis 1999

Answer 24

Early colonial writings described Aboriginal women as “Indian princesses”—fetching, proud and virtuous. Resistance to colonization led to the invention of Aboriginal women as “squaws”—dirty, lewd, uncivilized and sexually deviant.
- This protrayed Indigenous women as sexually available
- This happens today where IW are forced into situations that make them vulnerable

Question 25

National Council of Welfare (2007) Continual generational trauma

Answer 25

- Alcoholism is a risk factor for domestic/family violence Residential schools began generations of trauma

Question 26

The residential school system and 60s Scoop were two strategies used to assimilate the Aboriginal population.

Answer 26

- Aboriginal children place with white families in a different communities - More than 11,000 status First Nations children with Indian status, along with many other Aboriginal children, were adopted between 1960 and 1990 (National Council of Welfare 2007, 84). - Both initiatives are commonly characterized as cultural genocide because they served to eliminate Aboriginal culture and traditions.

Question 27

The residential school system and the 60s Scoop disrupted the roles, values and traditions of the Aboriginal family. Many of the lasting effects of these government- mandated actions can still be observed through current trends and issues facing Aboriginal people today.

Answer 27

- According to the National Council of Welfare (2007) the number of status First Nations children entering the child welfare system rose to a staggering 71.5% between 1995 and 2001 (p.85). - According to a study conducted in Australia by Cripps et al (2009), Indigenous women (with children) who had been removed from their natural family during childhood were at higher risk of experiencing violence as adults than those who had not been removed. - Furthermore, research shows in one survey (Sikka, 2009) that two-thirds of women involved in street rostitution in Winnipeg had been taken into care as children. Girls who run away from their foster homes or care facilities are “particularly vulnerable to being preyed upon by older males seeking to exploit them.” (Sikka, 2009, p. 11)

Question 28

NWAC’s research recognizes that government passed legislation—such as the Gradual Civilization Act in 1857, An Act for the Gradual Enfranchisement of Indians in 1869 and the Indian Act in 1876— that entrenched sex-based discrimina- tion against First Nations women.

Answer 28

- The Indian Act does not contain any laws that apply to matrimonial real property (MRP) on reserve land. This gap in legislation has had serious consequences, especially for women who live on reserves after their marriage. - The lack of legal clarity and protection also means that women who are experiencing violence, or who have become widowed, may lose their homes on the reserve. - It also leads to poor housing options and limited choices for Aboriginal women who want to leave violent relationships or escape unsafe situations.

Question 29

According to the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (CCPA) (2010) a history strong in colonial thought and attacks on Aboriginal culture directly influences the socio-economic conditions Aboriginal people currently experience. Canada needs to acknowledge that the current system perpetuates racism toward and inequality for Aboriginal families and communities (p. 37).

Answer 29

- CCPA research also indicates that Aboriginal women are affected by higher levels of poverty, lower educational attainment, higher unemployment, poorer physical and mental health, and lack of housing than non-Aboriginal women. - Low educational attainment and unemployment have been identified as risk factors associated with violence. NWAC research indicates that some women were “vulnerable” only insofar as they were Aboriginal and they were women. - Women who work as prostitutes or in other areas of the sex industry frequently tell research- ers that they experience violence perpetrated by strangers, clients, acquaintances, partners and the police.

Question 30

Orcas and Indigenous rights

Answer 30

Connection with marine animals Loss of language because of loud boats and being hunted