Topic 2 Cells

Question 1

What are the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cell?

Answer 1

Cytoplasm contains membrane bound organelles.
DNA enclosed in a nucleus.

Question 2

What are three things a plant cell has that an animal cell does not?

Answer 2

Chloroplasts (algae )and cell wall (fungi+ algae)and cell vacuole.

Question 3

Describe the strucutre of the cell surface membrane?

Answer 3

Phospholipid bilayer .
Hydrophohillic phosphate heads-attract water.
Hydrophobic FA tails-repelled water

Question 4

What are 2 functions of the cell surface membrane?

Answer 4

Selectively permeable—>enables control of passage of substances in/out cell.
Antigens on surface—>allow cell recognition/signalling.

Question 5

Describe the strucutre of nucleus?

Answer 5

Nuclear envelope-double membrane has nuclear pores.
Histone bound,linear DNA
-chromatin=condensed
-chromosome=highly condensed

Question 6

Describe the functions of nucleus?

Answer 6

-stores genetic info which codes for polypeptides
-site of DNA replication
-site of transcription producing mRNA
-nucleolus makes ribosomes

Question 7

Describe the structure of ribosomes?

Answer 7

Made of ribosomal RNA and protein
Not a membrane bound organelles.

Question 8

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 8

Site of protein synthesis
Translation

Question 9

Describe the strucutre of rER and sER?

Answer 9

RER-has a system of membranes and ribosomes
SER- have only system of membranes

Question 10

Describe the function or rER?

Answer 10

Ribosomes on surface synthesis protiens.
Protiens processed and transported inside rER.
Proteins packages into vesicles for transport

Question 11

Describe the function of sER?

Answer 11

Synthesis and processes lipids(chlesterol)

Question 12

Describe the struc of Golgi and Golgi vesicle?

Answer 12

Golgi apparatus-flattened membrane sacs
Golgi vesicles-small membrane sac

Question 13

Describe the unction of Golgi apparatud?

Answer 13

Modifies protein and lipids adds a carb to make glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Packages protiens/lipids into Golgi vesicles.
Produces lysosmes(type of Golgi vesicle)

Question 14

Describe the function of Golgi vesicles?

Answer 14

Transports- protiens/lipids to their required destination.
(Moves and fuses to cell surface membrane)

Question 15

Describe the strucutre of lysosomes?

Answer 15

Membrane and contains hydrologic enzymes

Question 16

Describe the function of lysine’s?

Answer 16

Release hydroloytic enzymes
To break down pathogens.

Question 17

Describe the strucutr of mitochondria ?

Answer 17

Outer membrane,Cristiae-inner membrane fold
Matrix contains small (70s) ribosomes
Circular DNA.

Question 18

Describe the function of mitochondria?

Answer 18

Site of aerobic respiration -to produce ATP to release energy—>for protein synthesis/AT..

Question 19

Describe the strucutre of chloroplasts in plants and algae?

Answer 19

Double membrane.
Stroma contains-thylakoid membrane
70s ribosomes,circular DNA and starch granules.

Lamella-thylakoid linking grana
Grana-stacks of thylakoid

Question 20

Describe the function of chloroplasts in plants and algae?

Answer 20

Absorbs light energy for photosynesis.
To produce organic substances.(carbs/lipids)

Question 21

Describe the strucutre of cell wall in plants,algae and fungi?

Answer 21

-cellulose(polysaccharide) in plants and algea

-composed of chitin(nitrogen-containing polysaccharide )in fungi

Question 22

Describe the function of cell wall in plants ,algea and fungi?

Answer 22

Provides mechanical strength to cell
Prevents cell changing shape or bursting under pressure due to osmosis.

Question 23

Describe the strucutre of the cell vacuol in plants?

Answer 23

Tonoplast membrane
Cell sap

Question 24

Describe the function of the cell vacuoles in plants?

Answer 24

Maintains turbot pressure in cell.
Contains cell sap—>stores sugars,AA,pigments.

Question 25

How are eukaryotic cells organised in complex multicellular organisms?

Answer 25

Tissue-group of specialised cells with a similar structure. Organ-aggregation of tissues for specific functions Organ systems-groups of organ working together to perform specific functions. Arteries: Arterioles Capillaries: Venules: Veins: Organs

Question 26

Describe how u can apply ur knowledge of cell features/organelles exaplin adaptations of eukaryotes cells?

Answer 26

Names cell has many specific organelles to link to its function. Many mitrochondira for energy release

Question 27

What distinguiging features of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 27

Cytoplasm lacks membrane bound organelles So genetic material not enclosed in a nucleus.

Question 28

What are the three organelle that are sometimes present in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 28

Capsule Plasmids Flagella Always present:CSM,cell wall,cytoplasm,small ribosomes, circular DNA(not associated with histones free in cytoplasm)

Question 29

Compare contrast eukaryotes and pro cells?

Answer 29

Eu-membrane bound organelles and a nucleus DNA is long and linear,larger 80s ribosomes cell wall only in plants ,algae and fungi(only chitin and cellulose ), larger size. Pro-no membrane bound organelles,no nucleus,dna short and circular,smaller 70s ribosomes cell wall all in prokaryotes cells contain murein(glycoprotien).smaller overall size

Question 30

Explain why viruses are described as acellular and non living?

Answer 30

Acellular-not made of cells,no cell membrane Non living-no metabolism,cannot independently move.

Question 31

Describe the structure of a virus particle?

Answer 31

1.nucleic acids surrounded by a capsid 2.attachment protiens allow attachment to specific host cells 3.no cytoplasm 4.some surrounded by a lipid envelope.

Question 32

What do both bacteria and viruses have similar off?

Answer 32

Bacteria slime capsules provide protection and help with adhesion and viral capsids protein coat to protect genetic material.

Question 33

Where are the 70s ribosomes found?

Answer 33

70s ribosomes are found in both prokaryotic cells and the mitrochondria and chloroplast of eukaryotic cells.

Question 34

Why are viruses acellular?

Answer 34

Non living as they are not made up of cells and don’t have organelles.