1
Q
What is Development?
A
It is Economic, Social and Political progress a country or people make. It is only beneficial if it sustainable and experienced by many in the society.
2
Q
What are the measures of Development?
A
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- GDP per Capita
- Poverty Measure
- Gini Coefficient
- Access to Drinking Water
- Literacy Rate
- Human Development Index (HDI)
- Corruption Perception Index
- Gender Inequality Measure
- Inequality Measure
3
Q
What is GDP?
A
It is the total value of goods and services a country produces in a year. Measured in $US per year.
4
Q
What is GDP per Capita?
A
It is the GDP divided by the total population so that it shows the average wealth per person. Measured in $US per person per year.
5
Q
What is the Gini Coefficient?
A
It is the percentage of people in a country living below an internationally agreed minimum standard ($1.25 a day).
6
Q
What is Drinking water measure?
A
The percentage of the population with access to an improved water supply within 1km of their home.
7
Q
What is Literacy Rate?
A
The percentage of the population over 15 who can read and write a basic sentence.
8
Q
What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?
A
It is a score between 0-1 that includes a county’s health, wealth and education. The score of 1 is the best.
9
Q
What is the Corruption Perception Index?
A
It is a measure of the level of government openness. The score of 10 is the best.
10
Q
What is the Gender Inequality Measure?
A
It is a number that is calculated using data showing the status of women in society. The higher score is better.
11
Q
What is the Inequality Measure?
A
It measures whether income is unequally distributed within a country. A score of 100 means 1 person has everything and 0 means everyone has the same.
12
Q
What is Demography?
A
It is the study of the Population.
13
Q
What are the Demographic Data?
A
- Population Structure
- Birth Rate
- Death Rate
- Dependency Ratio
- Fertility Rate
- Infant Mortality
- Maternal Mortality
- Life Expectancy
14
Q
What is a Population Structure?
A
It is the number/percentage of people in a country in each age group. It also shows the percentage of Males and Females.
15
Q
What is Birth Rate?
A
It is the number of births per 1000 per year.
16
Q
What is Death Rate?
A
It is the number of deaths per 1000 per year.
17
Q
What is the Dependency Ratio?
A
It is the percentage of people below 14 and above 65 as they are dependent.
18
Q
What is the Fertility Rate?
A
It is the average number of births per woman in her reproductive life.
19
Q
What is the Infant Mortality Rate?
A
It is the number of children per 1000 who die before their 1st Birthday.
20
Q
What is the Maternal Mortality Rate?
A
It is the number of mothers per 100,000 who die in childbirth.
21
Q
What is Life Expectancy?
A
It is the number of years a person can expect to live.
22
Q
How do you read a Population Structure Graph?
A
Apex = The amount of Elderly
Curved sides = Large Death Rate
Thick side = Smaller Death Rate
Base = The amount of youth and Birth Rate
x-axis = The percentage of Male/Female
y-axis = the age groups
23
Q
What is the Multiplier Effect?
A
24
Q
What is Inequality?
A
It is an extreme difference between poverty and wealth as well as wellbeing and access to jobs, housing and education.
25
What are the Political Reasons for Malawi's poor Development?
- Malawi was a British Colony and was exploited with little gain
- Malawi is 121st out of the 168 worst corruption rates
- After Anti-Government protests Britain halted all aid to Malawi due to corruption
26
What are the Political Consequences for Malawi?
They end up with a non-democratic or poorly functioning democracy that worsen the development.
27
What are the Social Reasons for Malawi's poor Development?
- There has been really low investment into education and health reducing development
- Malawi has some of the highest levels of infection in the world
- Malawi has a very high fertility rate which the government cannot handle and supply
- The internet coverage and road access is very poor across the country
28
What are the Social Consequences for Malawi?
Over 50% of the population doesn't have access to clean water and they can't combat illness. It reduces the amount of education they receive.
29
What are the Economic Reasons for Malawi's poor Development?
- Malawi has a lot of Debt and has to pay it off
- They are importing more than they are exporting so they are losing money
- The trade terms for Malawi are expensive reducing their income
- They sell for a lot less than we buy per item
- Malawi is a landlocked countries so trade is difficult
- Most of it is Rural so they don't have many services or manufacturing
30
What are the Economic Consequences for Malawi?
Malawi is part of the 20 poorest countries where 40% live on less than $1 per day and 68% live in squatter settlement.
31
What are the Environmental Reasons for Malawi's poor Development?
- As a result of Climate change the land is drier and harder to farm
- The water pollution their is very high
- They are landlocked and don't have much access to open water
32
What are the Environmental Consequences for Malawi?
80% of Malawi is dependent on Subsistence Agriculture (enough to survive) due to climate change.
33
What is Rostow's Modernisation Theory?
He believed that a country would pass through 5 stage of Development. He also believed that they could do it faster than those before.
34
What are the 5 stages of the Modernisation Theory?
- Traditional Society
- Pre-conditions for Take-off
- Take-off
- Drive to Maturity
- High Mass Consumption
35
What is the Traditional Society Stage?
Most people work in Agriculture, but produce little surplus. They have a Subsistence Economy.
36
What is the Pre-conditions for Take-off Stage?
There is a shift to Manufacturing and trade increases profits, which get reinvested into infrastructure. Crops become surplus.
37
What is the Take-off Stage?
There is rapid growth and investment into technology creates new manufacture industries. It requires overseas investment and profits from trade.
38
What is the Drive to Maturity Stage?
It is a period of growth where technology is used throughout the economy. Consumer goods are produced.
39
What is the High Mass Consumption Stage?
It is a period of comfort where consumers enjoy a wide variety of goods. Societies get to decide where wealth is spent.
40
What are the Criticisms of the Modernisation Theory?
- It assumes everyone has the same situation
- It doesn't tell us if a stage can be skipped
- It doesn't say you can go backwards
41
What is Frank's Dependency Theory?
He believed that development was about two types of Global region - Core and Periphery.
The periphery produce raw materials to sell to the Core which makes them into higher-value products. It makes the periphery dependent on the core which become wealthy.
42
How does Frank's Theory disagree with Rostow's?
He believe that historical trade is what put these countries in their situations and that poor countries are not simpler versions of developed ones. The Global Economy has it's rules decided by the wealthy.
43
What is the Dependency Model?
It is a Model Split into three sections: Periphery, Semi-Periphery and Core. It shows how their trade system works and how they interact.
44
What are the Criticisms of the Dependency Model?
- It can apply to other Non-colonised countries
- Countries that followed the Socialist Model have remained poor
- Developed countries can supply aid
- Poor countries can develop
45
What is Globalisation?
It is the process in which countries become more interconnected and interdependent as a result of global trade and the movement of people.
46
What is a Transnational Corporation (TNC)?
They are companies that produce and sell goods in more than one country.
47
How do TNCs help Development and Globalisation?
- They bring their country's culture and spread it
- They invest to improve an area's infrastructure
48
What is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?
It is a company's investment into the development of and area.
49
How do Governments encourage Globalisation?
They do this through migration and removing trade barriers so it is easier to access them and others.
50
What is an Export-processing Zone?
It is a type of free trade zone usually set up in developing countries to promote industrial and commercial exports.
51
How do Export-processing Zones help Development and Globalisation?
- It helps generate employment and foreign exchange
- It allows TNCs to share their products
52
What effect does Globalisation have on Malawi?
As Malawi doesn't have much infrastructure TNCs are unlikely to choose to invest there as there are better places to. Malawi hasn't really lost as they still would continue on the same trade terms.
53
What is a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO)?
It is an independent operation that addresses social or political issues in a country.
54
What is an Inter-Governmental Organisation (IGO)?
It is a treaty between two or more nations to tackle an issue of common interest.
55
What is 'Top-Down' Aid?
It is investing in better infrastructure for a large scale problem.
56
What are the benefits of 'Top-Down' Aid?
- It usually covers a large area's development
- Large projects attract investors
57
What are the negatives of 'Top-Down' Aid?
- It has no effect on the lower society
- Large projects can displace many
58
What is an example of 'Top-Down'/IGO Aid?
Name: Sardar Sarovar Dam
Location: Gujarat, Rajastan, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh (India)
Aim: Help provide electricity, water and Irrigated land. Also reduce fossil fuel use and pollution.
Function: It is a Hydro-electric Dam that produces energy and irrigates the surrounding land in the process.
59
What is 'Bottom-Up' Aid?
It is investing at the source of a problem to benefit the country in the long-term.
60
What are the benefits of 'Bottom-Up' Aid?
- It helps the lower society develop
- It is cost effective
- It is very simple to use
61
What are the negatives of 'Bottom-Up' Aid?
- It is very small-scale
- It depends on others to help
62
What is an example of 'Bottom-Up'/NGO Aid?
Name: ASTRA Biogas
Location: Rural India
Aim: Save time that can be used to develop
Function: It uses cow manure to produce gas for fire and fertilizer for farming
63
What is Intermediate Technology?
It is a low tech alternative used to give a simple solution that can be built and operated by the lower society.
64
What is Sustainable Aid?
It is aid that delivers long-term benefits for all part of the society.
65
What are India's General Facts?
- It is located in South Asia (10°- 30°N) and the Capital (New Delhi) is in the North
- It has five neighbouring countries: Pakistan, Nepal, China, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
- Part of the Himalayas is there
- It is the 7th Largest country (3.3km²)
- It has 7500km of Coastline
66
What are India's Social Facts?
- They have the largest population (1.45B)
- 25% live in Slums
- 20 million are spread across over 100 countries
67
What are India's Political Facts?
- They gained independence in 1947 from the UK
- English is widely spoken
- They are part of the UN, World Trade Organisation and G20
68
What are India's Environmental Facts?
- They have one of the richest Biodiversity
- They have extremely high pollution
- They have Floods and Monsoons
69
What are India's Cultural/Religious Facts?
- They speak Hindi and English
- They follow a Caste System to determine their Social group
- Religions: 80% Hindu, 13% Muslim and other
- They have Bollywood which is the largest film industry
70
How does Globalisation cause economic change?
It allows for more trade, investments from TNCs or FDI.
71
How does British Telecommunications help India's growth?
They invest in India's Infrastructure and gives them jobs. It also attracts more TNCs to move there.
72
What is Outsourcing?
it is when a Country moves services overseas because it is cheaper.
73
How does India's Aid Policies help growth?
They are the world's largest recipient of aid in history and now they have started to give aid to strategically grow their neighbours.
74
What is Voluntary Aid?
Aid from NGO's based in India.
75
What is Bilateral Aid?
Aid directly from one Government to another.
76
What is Multilateral Aid?
Aid given by International Agencies.
77
How does India's Education Policy help growth?
The school is free causing the literacy rate to increase and new skills are introduced.
78
How does India's Infrastructure help growth?
Their transport/other infrastructure has help connect India which attracts new companies to move there.
79
How does India's FDI Policy help growth?
They have relaxed rules to encourage investment and also offer lower tax. The IMF also payed India to have free trade.
80
What is a Population Pyramid?
It is a Bar Graph that shows the Age and Gender of a Population.
81
How does India's Economic growth affect the Population Pyramid?
The Birth rate decreases over time along with the Death Rate. The Life Expectancy increases. The Dependency ratio shows more working class meaning that jobs may become scarce. The population reaches it's peak then balances.
82
How does India's Economic growth affect the Demographics?
- The age of Marriage increase as there are more rights and opportunities
- The Fertility rates will fall
- The Mortality rates fall as a result of better Healthcare
- The dependency ratio becomes more balanced
83
How does India's Economic growth affect Ubanisation?
- The Urban Percentage increases
- New cities are built
84
What does India's Economic growth affect Health?
- There is better Healthcare
- There is more Air pollution
- Water Pollution causes Disease
- Starvation and Thirst
85
What is the 'Multiplier Effect'?
It is when a positive/negative leads to another positive/negative effect.
86
What is a Choropleth Map?
It is a geographical map that uses different shades of colour to represent the statistical values of a region.
87
What are the positives of a Choropleth Map?
- It is easy to contrast
- It is simple to understand
88
What are the negatives of a Choropleth Map?
- It doesn't work for colourblind
- It is not very specific
89
What are facts about Maharashtra?
Location: Middle-West India
Typical Jobs: Manufacturing/Services
Transport: Large Port
Wealth: 104000 rupees per capita (2nd Richest)
Social: High Education and Healthcare
90
What are facts about Bihar?
Location: North-East India
Typical Jobs: Subsistence Agriculture
Transport: Paths
Wealth: 27000 rupees per capita (Poorest)
Social: Very Low Education and Healthcare
91
What is Geopolitics?
It is politics that is influenced by Geographical factors.
92
What is a Superpower?
It is a country or group that have a dominating power and influence everywhere in the world.
93
What are India's Benefits from International relations?
- They are developing, reducing poverty
- There issues are seen Globally
- They have better trade terms
- They receive more investment
94
What are India's Cost from International relations?
- TNC's don't provide financial stability
- TNC's don't pay tax properly
- High inequality
- Low worker Payment
- Pollution from Manufacturing
GCSE - Geography: Edexcel B
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