Topic 2: Development Dynamics

Question 1

What is economic development?

Answer 1

Progress in economic growth, e.g. how wealthy a country is, its level of industrialisation and use of technology.

Question 2

What is social development?

Answer 2

Improvement in people’s standard of living, e.g. better health care and access to clean water.

Question 3

What is political development?

Answer 3

Having a stable political system with institutions that can meet the needs of society.

Question 4

What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?

Answer 4

The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year.
It’s often given in US$.
It is a measure of wealth.
As a country develops, it gets higher.

Question 5

What is GDP per capita?

Answer 5

The GDP divided by the population of a country. It’s often given in US$ and is sometimes called GDP per head.
It is a measure of wealth.
As a country develops it gets higher.

Question 6

What is Gross National Income (GNI) and GNI per capita?

Answer 6

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas. It’s often given in US$.
GNI per capita is the GNI divided by the population of a country.
Measure of wealth.
Gets higher with development.

Question 7

What is Birth rate?

Answer 7

The number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year.
A measure of women’s rights.
Lower as a country develops.

Question 8

What is death rate?

Answer 8

The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.
Measure of health.
Gets lower as a country develops.

Question 9

What is fertility rate?

Answer 9

The average number of births per woman.
Measure of women’s rights.
Lower as a country develops.

Question 10

What is infant mortality rate?

Answer 10

The number of babies who die under 1 year old, per thousand babies born.
Measure of health care.
Gets lower as country develops.

Question 11

What is maternal mortality rate?

Answer 11

The number of women who die due to pregnancy related problems per hundred thousand live births.
Measure of health care.
Gets lower as a country develops.

Question 12

What is doctors per 1000 of population?

Answer 12

The number of working doctors per thousand of the population.
Measure of access to health care.
Gets higher as a country develops.

Question 13

What is Gini coefficient?

Answer 13

A measure of economic inequality. Countries are given a score between 0 (equal) and 1 (total inequality).
Measure of inequality.
Gets lower as a country develops.

Question 14

What is gender inequality index?

Answer 14

A number that’s calculated using data on e.g. women’s education, access to jobs, political rights and health during pregnancy.
The higher the score, the more inequality.
Measure of women’s rights.
Gets lower as a country develops.

Question 15

What is human development index (HDI)?

Answer 15

This is a number that’s calculated using life expectancy, education level (e.g. average number of years of schooling) and income per head. Every country has an HDI value between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed).
Measure of lots of things.
Gets higher as a country develops.

Question 16

What is corruption perceptions index (CPI)?

Answer 16

A measure of the level of corruption that is believed to exist in the public sector on a scale of 1-100. The lower the score, the more corruption.
Measure of corruption.
Gets higher as a country develops.

Question 17

What is a disadvantage of single indicators?

Answer 17

Single indicators can be misleading if they are used on their own because, as a country develops, some aspects develop before others. So it might seem that a country’s more developed than it actually is.
Using a composite indicator of development, where more than one measure is used (i.e. wealth and something else) avoids these problems. The Human Development Index is a composite indicator.

Question 18

What are developing countries populations’ like?

Answer 18

1) Developing countries have higher fertility and birth rates because there’s no use of contraception. People also have lots of children because poor health care means that many infants die.
2) The death rate is also high due to poor health care, and life expectancy is low (few people reach old age).
3) This means that there are lots more children than older people — population pyramids for developing countries have a very wide base, which rapidly narrows.

Question 19

What are emerging countries populations’ like?

Answer 19

1) Emerging countries see their fertility rates fall rapidly as women have a more equal place in society and a better education.
2) The use of contraception increases and more women work instead of having children.
3) Health care improves so life expectancy incroze
4) This means that there are more people of working age and there is a lower proportion of children - the base of the pyramid starts to narrow and the top starts to widen.

Question 20

What are developed countries populations’ like?

Answer 20

1) In developed countries fertility rates are low because people want possessions and a high quality of life, and may have dependent elderly relatives, so there is less money available for having children.
2) Health care is good, so the death rate is low and life expectancy is high.
3) This means there are lots more older people and the proportion of children decreases — the top of the pyramid widens further and the base gets narrower, so the middle bulges out.

Question 21

How can climate affect how developed a country is?

Answer 21

1) If a country has a poor climate (really hot or really cold or really dry) not much will grow. This reduces the amount of food produced, which can lead to malnutrition. People who are malnourished have a low quality of life.
2) People also have fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services. This also reduces their quality of life

Question 22

How can topography (shape of land) affect how developed a country is?

Answer 22

1) If the land in a country is steep, then it won’t produce a lot of food. This has the same effect as a poor climate (see left).
2) Steep land can also make it difficult to develop infrastructure, e.g. roads, power lines etc. This can limit trade and make it hard to provide basic services.

Question 23

How can education affect how developed a country is?

Answer 23

1) Educating people produces a more skilled workforce, meaning that the country can produce more goods and offer more services (e.g. ICT). This can bring money into the country through trade or investment.
2) Educated people also earn more, so they pay more taxes. This provides money that the country can spend on development.

Question 24

How can health affect how developed a country is?

Answer 24

1) In some poorer countries, lack of clean water and poor health care mean that many people suffer from diseases such as malaria and cholera.
2) People who are ill are less able to work, so may contribute less to the economy. They may also need expensive medicine or health care.
3) Lower economic contribution and higher spending on health care means that there’s less money available to spend on development.

Question 25

How can colonialism affect how developed a country is?

Answer 25

1) Countries that were colonised (ruled by a foreign country) are often at a lower level of development when they gain independence than they would be if they had not been colonised. 2) European countries colonised much of Africa in the 19th century. They controlled the economies of their colonies, removed raw materials and slaves, and sold back expensive manufactured goods. This was bad for African development as it made parts of Africa dependent on Europe, and led to famine and malnutrition.

Question 26

How can neo-colonialism affect how developed a country is?

Answer 26

1) After colonies gained their independence, richer countries continued to control them indirectly. 2) For example, some transnational corporations (TNCs) exploit the cheap labour and raw materials of poorer countries (see p.26). 3) International organisations sometimes offer conditional loans, which mean poorer countries have to develop in the way their donors want them to.

Question 27

How can economic and political factors affect how developed a country is?

Answer 27

1) Authoritarian governments can put development policies in place without worrying about anyone stopping them — this can be good for economic development, e.g. China's rapid growth, but things can also go really wrong, e.g. Cuba's economic crash. Development under democratic governments is usually less extreme - different interest groups prevent either huge growth or economic collapse. 2) Corrupt governments can hinder development, e.g. by taking money that's intended for building new infrastructure or improving facilities for people. 3) Countries with good international relations are more likely to get good trade agreements. They can also get loans from international organisations to invest in development projects.

Question 28

Is wealth spread evenly across all countries in the world.

Answer 28

NO

Question 29

How can differences in wealth affect the education of poorer countries?

Answer 29

1) Poorer countries can't afford to invest as much in education as richer countries. 2) Poorer people may not be able to afford school fees or children may have to work to support their families instead of attending school. 3) Lack of education means people can't get better-paid, skilled jobs in the future, so the cycle of poverty continues.

Question 30

How can differences in wealth affect the health of poorer countries?

Answer 30

1) People in developing countries are at higher risk for many diseases than people in developed countries leading to lower life expectancies. 2) Infant mortality is also much higher in developing countries. 3) Poorer people find it harder to get quality health care and healthy food.

Question 31

How can differences in wealth affect the politics of poorer countries?

Answer 31

1) Inequalities can increase political instability, crime and discontent in poorer countries. 2) This means civil wars are more likely in developing countries. Conflict can increase inequality — poverty increases as money is spent on fighting rather than development. 3) Developing countries are often dependent on richer countries. This means they have less influence over regional and global decisions.

Question 32

How can global inequalities also cause environmental problems?

Answer 32

1) Economic development leads to more consumption of food, water and energy as people get wealthier. This puts pressure on scarce resources and can threaten ecosystems, e.g. as more land is built on. 2) Industrialisation leads to increased air, water and land pollution. The release of greenhouse gases enhances the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. Waste is dumped in landfill sites and untreated sewage, chemical waste and runoff from farmland ends up in rivers and lakes. 3) Many developed countries have factories in developing countries or buy goods that are produced there. This means that local pollution levels are often much higher in developing countries. 4) Poorer people can also be trapped in a cycle of environmental damage, e.g. if they can't afford fuel they have to collect firewood from their local environment which can lead to deforestation.

Question 33

What does Rostow's modernisation theory say?

Answer 33

It predicts how a country's level of economic development changes over time - it describes how a country's economy changes from relying mostly on primary industry, through secondary industry to tertiary and quaternary industry. At the same time people's standard of living improves. Stage 1 is the lowest level of development and stage 5 is the highest.

Question 34

Explain the stages of Rostow's theory?

Answer 34

1: Traditional Society Subsistence based. Farming, fishing and forestry. Little trade 2: Preconditions for take-off Manufacturing starts to develop. Infrastructure is built, e.g. roads, power networks. International trading begins. 3: Take-off Rapid, intensive growth. Large-scale industrialisation. Increasing wealth. 4: Drive to maturity Economy grows so people get wealthier. Standards of living rise. Widespread use of technology. 5: Mass consumption Lots of trade. Goods are mass produced. People are wealthy, so there are high levels of consumption.

Question 35

What does Frank's theory state?

Answer 35

Some poorer, weaker countries (the periphery) remain poor because they are dependent on the core countries (those that are richer and more powerful).

Question 36

Explain Frank's Dependency Theory in more detail.

Answer 36

1) Frank's dependency theory was developed as an alternative to Rostow's model to explain why some countries are more developed than others. 2) It argues that the exploitation that started during the colonial period has continued - this is neo-colonialism. The richer, former colonial countries continue to dominate the trading system even though the colonised countries have gained independence — richer countries continue to take advantage of the cheap raw materials and labour available in poorer countries. 3) For example, poorer countries have been encouraged to plant crops for export and produce primary products to sell cheaply to richer countries. This means they need to import manufactured goods at higher cost from richer countries to provide for their own population. This traps them in poverty and makes them dependent on the economy of the core countries. 4) Richer countries may also exploit poor countries by interfering in local politics in poorer countries or loaning them money with high rates of interest, leading to large debts. This means that poor countries remain dependent on richer countries. Some people think that as long as they remain part of the capitalist (free trade, profit-seeking) system, these countries can't develop.

Question 37

What is globalisation?

Answer 37

The process of all the world's systems and cultures becoming more integrated - it's the whole world coming together like a single community.

Question 38

Why does globalisation happen?

Answer 38

Because of the movement of money and people between countries, as well as businesses locating their operations and selling their products in more countries. • Improvements in ICT include e-mail, the internet, mobile phones and phone lines that can carry more information and faster. This has made it quicker and easier for businesses all over the world to communicate with each other. • Improvements in transport include more airports, high-speed trains and larger ships. This has made it quicker and easier for people all over the world to communicate with each other face to face. It's also made it easier for companies to get supplies and to distribute their products all over the world

Question 39

How are TNCs increasing globalisation?

Answer 39

Transnational corporations (TNs) are companies that produce products, sell products or are located in more than one country. For example, Sony® is a TNC — it manufactures electronic products in China and Japan, and sells many of them in Europe and the USA. TNCs increase globalisation by linking together countries through the production and sale of goods. They also bring the culture from their country of origin to many different countries, e.g. McDonald's® brings Western-style fast food to other countries. TNCs also promote a culture of consumerism — people in developing and emerging countries see all the products that people in developed countries have, e.g. mobile phones and TVs, and want to have them too. This makes people's lifestyles more similar.

Question 40

How are Governments increasing globalisation?

Answer 40

1) Free trade - governments increase globalisation by promoting free trade, e.g. reducing tariffs on goods. This means it's much easier to move goods, money and services between countries. 2) Investment — governments compete with each other to attract investment by INCs. They think that TNCs will bring jobs, increase income from taxes and promote economic growth in their country. 3) Privatisation — governments hand over services and industries to private companies, e.g. in the UK, some rail services are now run by companies from Italy, Germany and France.

Question 41

Who has benefited from globalisation? Why?

Answer 41

Some countries such as Chine, India and Brazil This is because they have: - large, cheap workforces - governments open to foreign investment - less strict environmental, labour and planning laws - lots of cheap raw materials - reasonable infrastructure - available land

Question 42

How has globalisation increased global inequality?

Answer 42

1) Free trade benefits richer countries — TNC profits normally return to their headquarters, which are often in developed countries, and poor countries can struggle to compete, i.e. produce cheaper good. 2) Richer countries benefit from freer movement of labour — skilled workers are attracted by higher wages and better living conditions in richer countries, leading to a 'brain drain' in poorer countries

Question 43

What is top-down aid?

Answer 43

A government or large organisation e.g. an inter-governmental organisation or TNC makes decisions about how to increase development and direct the project.

Question 44

What is bottom-up aid?

Answer 44

Local people and communities decide on ways to improve things for their own community. Non-governmental organisations are often involved.

Question 45

What are the scale and aims of the two strategies?

Answer 45

T-D: • Often used for large projects, e.g. dams for hydroelectric power (HEP) or irrigation schemes. • These aim to solve large scale problems and improve the lives of lots of people. B-U: • Usually small-scale, e.g. building or maintaining a well in a village. - They often aim to improve the quality of life for the poorest and most vulnerable people in society.

Question 46

Where is the funding coming from for both strategies?

Answer 46

T-D: • The projects are usually very expensive. • Some projects are funded by INCs or governments from developed countries who will profit from the development, e.g. by selling the HEP produced. • Other projects may be funded by loans from international organisations, e.g. the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The money may have to be paid back later or the organisation may have conditions for lending the money, e.g. removing trade barriers. B-U: - Projects are usually much cheaper. - Most money comes from chantie which often rely on donations from people in richer countries.

Question 47

What is the technology like for both strategies?

Answer 47

T-D: • The projects are often high-tech and energy intensive. The construction usually involves machinery and technology, which is often operated by skilled workers from developed countries rather than local people. - The recipient country becomes dependent on technology and workers from the donor country for operation and maintenance. B-U: - Projects involve intermediate technology. - Local materials are used and local people are employed. - This means people have the materials and skills to maintain the project.

Question 48

How can NGOs help development?

Answer 48

They are non-profit groups which are independent from governments. NGO-led development projects often involve the use of intermediate technology. This includes tools, machines and systems that are simple to use, affordable to buy or build and cheap to maintain.

Question 49

What are the advantages and disadvantages of NGO-led development projects?

Answer 49

A: 1) Projects are designed to address the needs of people local to where the projects are carried out. 2) Locally available, cheap materials are used so the community isn't dependent on expensive imports. 3) Projects are labour intensive — they create jobs for local people. D: 1) Projects are often small-scale, so they may not benefit everyone. 2) Different organisations may not work together, so projects may be inefficient.

Question 50

What are IGOs?

Answer 50

Inter-governmental organisations. They are made up of the governments of several countries.

Question 51

What are the advantages and disadvantages of IGO-funded large infrastructure?

Answer 51

A: 1) IGOs can afford to fund large infrastructure projects in developing and emerging countries. 2) Projects can improve the country's economy, helping with long-term development, e.g. HEP stations may promote industry, which provides jobs and boosts the economy. 3) Projects can also improve people's quality of life, as people have better access to reliable power, clean water etc. D: 1) Large projects are often expensive and the country may have to pay back the money (if it's a loan). This can lead to lots of debt. 2) They may not benefit everyone — e.g. HEP may not supply power to remote areas. 3) If governments are corrupt, they may use the money for their own purposes. 4) Projects tend to be energy intensive -they use scarce resources, release greenhouse gases and lead to loss of ecosystems.

Question 52

How are TNCs involved in development?

Answer 52

Through investment in the countries they operate in.

Question 53

What are the advantages and disadvantages of investment by TNCs?

Answer 53

A: 1) TNCs provide employment for local people. 2) More companies mean a greater income from taxes for the host country. 3) Some TNCs run programmes to help development. 4) TNCs may also invest in infrastructure, improving roads, basic services and communication links in the area. This may improve the quality of life of local people. D: 1) Some profits leave the host country. 2) TNCs can cause environmental problems - developing countries may have less strict environmental regulations, leading to e.g. the dumping of toxic waste. 3) TNCs may move around the country to take advantage of local tax breaks, leaving people jobless as the company moves on.

Question 54

What is a political, social, economic, and environmental reason why Malawi hasn't developed as quickly as others?

Answer 54

Political: Civil unrest Following anti-governmental protests, Britain halted all aid to Malawi, accusing the government of mishandling the economy and failing to invest in people. Social: Low social investment Corruption has meant little investment in education and health. Malawi's citizens have not been able to develop their lives. Economic: Debt From over-borrowing in the 70s. In 2004 Malawi was spending 9.6% of its national income on debt servicing but only 4.6% on public health care. Environmental: Landlocked Malawi has no coastline. It has no port from which to export or import goods. Reaching the coast involves a slow, 800km single track railway.

Question 55

What are 2 social, economic, political, and environmental consequences of poverty for Malawi?

Answer 55

Social: More than 775million cannot read or write. Nearly a billion people do not have access to clean water and 2.4B to basic sanitation Economic: Lack the ability to pay for food agriculture innovation and rural development. About one in five of the world's population live on less than US$1 a day. Political: Have non-democratic governments or they are democracies that function poorly. This can worsen the plight of minority groups. Environmental: Vulnerable to natural disasters. Lack the capacity to adapt to climate-change induced droughts.

Question 56

What is an example of bottom-up aid?

Answer 56

ASTRA is a development project in rural India. Cow dung is used to produce gas called biogas. This provides fuel and saves time. It is an example of intermediate technology, so it uses low-tech solutions using local materials, labour and expertise. Winners: Smoke free kitchens, so fewer lung infections. Less time spent gathering wood, so girls now have more time to go to school. The sludge is rich in nutrients which makes a better fertiliser. Losers: Only those with cows and land can benefit.

Question 57

What is an example of top-down aid?

Answer 57

Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmanda river in India. To store monsoon rains for use during dry season. The Indian government have built the super dams. Winners: India's cities as it provides 3.5billion litres of drinking water daily & hydroelectric power. Farmers as the canals will irrigate 1.8million hectares of farmland that suffer drought. Losers: 234 villages have been flooded forcing 320,000 people out. Good quality farmland has been flooded. Religious and historic sites have been flooded.

Question 58

What is the site of India?

Answer 58

In Asia South West of China The Indian Ocean is to the South Latitude approx. 10°N-30°N Major mountain range to the North - Himalayas

Question 59

What is situation of India?

Answer 59

1) China, Indonesia, Pakistan and Bangladesh neighbour, which are also growing quickly. 2) Good trade links with the rest of the world. 3) East-west trading route which transports oil grom the Middle East. 4) Part of the United Nations, World Trade Organisation, and the Commonwealth of Nations.

Question 60

How has India's economy changed since 1990?

Answer 60

People are wealthier and work more in offices and less in farming. The GDP has grown 6x since 1990.

Question 61

Where do India's exports and imports go to?

Answer 61

Majority of exports go to China and other areas in Asia. Majority of imports come from the USA and surrounding areas of Asia.

Question 62

What is outsourcing?

Answer 62

When a company moves services overseas, because labour is cheaper.

Question 63

What is an example of a TNC in India?

Answer 63

BT has Indian headquarters in New Delhi though its software development takes place in Bangalore because it is near universities to take advantage of the well-qualified people, and it has reduced taxes.

Question 64

What has the government done in India to help development?

Answer 64

Giving and receiving aid which has improved relations and increased trade. Investing heavily in schools as school is free and compulsory for all children between 6 and 14, so they have better skills. Building good infrastructure such as roads and rail network which makes travel easier. Encouraging FDI has allowed Indian companies to forge international relations.

Question 65

Explain the differences in economy in India?

Answer 65

Southern and coastal states tend to have a higher GDP than the northern states. Small coastal regions have the highest GDP. The north-eastern regions that are more mountainous have the least GDP.

Question 66

What are the two regions we studied in India?

Answer 66

Maharashtra Bihar

Question 67

What is Maharashtra?

Answer 67

Middle west on the coast Service economies (IT/call centres) Manufacturing Roads, trains Richest core region Good education and health care

Question 68

What is Bihar?

Answer 68

North east Subsistence farming Rural roads Lowest GdP per capita Low literacy rate and school attendance

Question 69

What are the positive impacts of economic development and globalisation in India?

Answer 69

All ages have better health Some groups have better education Women have better access to education and contraception

Question 70

What are the negative impacts of economic development and globalisation in India?

Answer 70

Many young working men have to do dangerous jobs due to industrialisation. Work conditions might be bad due to lack of regulation. Less people available to work in rural villages. In many urban areas, it is unsafe for women. Women are left to care and provide for their families when men leave to find work in the cities.

Question 71

What are human health issues that are caused by economic development and globalisation in India?

Answer 71

Air pollution: Reduces life expectancy Water pollution: Leads to vector borne diseases, cholera, jaundice. Poor nutritional standards and development in children. Deforestation/Desertification: High levels of resource scarcity and lack of clean water. Greenhouse gases: Lack of food, flooding, drought, worse air quality

Question 72

How has economic growth changed India's geopolitical influence?

Answer 72

The New Development Bank has provided resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects. Part of G20 so it now has a 'voice'. Lending money to Asian countries means it's spreading its influence around the region. Positive relationship with USA so it is gaining more control.

Question 73

What are the economic costs and benefits of India's changing international relations?

Answer 73

TNCs don't create stability TNCs don't fairly pay their taxes

Question 74

What are the social costs and benefits of India's changing international relations?

Answer 74

1/3 of the population live on less than $1.25 a day. Poverty levels fell from 37% to 22% in 10 years

Question 75

What are the environmental costs and benefits of India's changing international relations?

Answer 75

Manufacturing TNCs give off huge levels of pollution affecting health TNCs use lots of fuel and water denying local people these resources

Question 76

What are the political costs and benefits of India's changing international relations?

Answer 76

Some people think India is looking globally to expand trade/influence too soon, they should focus on their own problems of poverty/housing first. By joining G20, WB, ADB, IMF, NDB India's views/concerns can be brought to global attention.