1
Q
What is development?
A
Development is the economic, social and political progress a country or people make. For it to be beneficial, it must be sustainable long-term and experienced by many people across society.
2
Q
GDP
A
The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year. It is measured in SUS per year.
3
Q
GDP per capita
A
The GDP divided by the total population so that it shows the average wealth per person. It is measured in SUS per person per year.
4
Q
Poverty measure
A
The % of people in a country living below an internationally agreed minimum standard ($1.25 a day).
5
Q
Gini coefficient
A
The Gini coefficient measures how equally shared wealth is in a country. It shows inequality in a score between 0 (everyone is equal wealth) and 100 (inequality).
6
Q
Access to safe drinking water
A
The percentage of population with access to an improved (piped) water supply within 1km of their home.
7
Q
Literacy rate
A
The percentage of the population aged over 15 who can read and write a basic sentence.
8
Q
Human development index
A
A score between 0-1 that includes a country’s health, wealth and education (life expectancy, GDP per person, literacy rate). A score of 1 is the best.
9
Q
Corruption Perception index
A
A measure of the level of government openness. A low score (0) is corrupt and a good score (10) means an honest/open country.
10
Q
Gender inequality index
A
A number that is calculated using data showing the status of women in society. It includes: women’s access to education, jobs and political rights. The higher score, the better.
11
Q
Inequality measure
A
It measures whether income is unequally distributed within a country. A coefficient of 100 would mean that one person had all the money, a score of 0 means everyone has the same.
12
Q
Population structure
A
The number of percent of people in the country in each age group. It also shows the percentage of males/female females.
13
Q
Demographic data
A
All day to links to population changes: birth rate, death rate, et cetera
14
Q
Birth rate
A
Number of lives births per 1000 people per year
15
Q
Death rate
A
Number of deaths per 1000 people per year
16
Q
Dependency ratio
A
Amount of people relying on working population. A high dependency ratio can be bad.
17
Q
How is dependency ratio calculated?
A
(Number of dependence (retired/children)/working age people) x 100
18
Q
Fertility rate
A
Average number of births per in her reproductive life
19
Q
Infant mortality
A
Number of children (less than one years old)) per 1000 live births who died before their first birthday
20
Q
Life expectancy
A
Average number of years a person can expect to live
21
Q
Maternal mortality
A
Number of mothers per hundred thousand who die in childbirth
22
Q
what does a wide base show on a demographic graph?
A
Very high proportion of young people, high birth rate and thus a very high dependency rate on young people
23
Q
What do concave sides suggest on a demographic graph?
A
Concave sides show high death rate
24
Q
What may suggest the greatest economic development on a demographic graph
A
Medium sized base, convex sides in middle, wide centre, medium size and decreasing upper proportion of elderly
25
Why will birth rates infertility rates fall as development increases?
Birth rates and fertility rates will fall because more people will be working full-time due to greater employment rates in more developed countries due to better education. Furthermore, there is more access to contraceptives, reducing birth rates and fertility rates.
26
Why will infant mortality fall as development increases?
Hospitals with better educated staff are used for birth, decreasing potential of desth during birth. Furthermore, improved water quality reduces potential of disease which children are particularly vulnerable to furrher faciliated by the use of vaccinations.
27
Why will life expectancy increase as development increases?
Those in more developed societies with imporved educatiins and thus greater wages will have better access to medical care and money to spend on treatement on affects of old age
28
Why may populations become more elderly from youthful as a country develops?
Decreased birth rates and greateer life expectancy results in a generalky smaller young population with a greater older population as old population grows at a greater rate due to imprived ,edical care and greater emplyment rates, meaning families will have fewer children as they arn)t generally ncessary for physical labour.
29
List factors preventing the development of Malawi
- natural disasters
- Limited access to healthcare
- Trade deficit
- Debt
- High birth rate
- Landlocked, difficult to trade due to poor transport and connectivity
- Lack of equipment/technology
- Little access to clean water results in waterborne diseases
30
Define inequality
Extreme differences between poverty and wealth, as well as in peoples well-being and access to things such as jobs, housing and education
31
Give one political reason why Malawi is not developing as quickly as others
Malawi is 121st worst corruption. It's score is 3.8 out of 10 which is bad. This means a lack of investment to peoples education and health.
32
Give one social reason why Malawi has not developed as quickly as others
Civil unrest: following anti-government protests, Britain halted all aid to Malawi, accusing government of mishandling the economy and failing to invest in people
33
Give one economic reason why Malawi is not developed as quickly as others
Terms of trade: Malawi imports less than it exports, resulting in a trade defecit. It mainly exports primary goods. The country loses money each year. Imports almost 2x as much as a exports.
34
Give one environmental reason why Malawi has not developed as quickly as others
Maloi has no coastline. It has no port from which to export or import goods. Reaching the coast involves a slow, 800 km single track railway.
35
Give one political consequence of Malawi's poverty
- Some developing countries have non-democratic governments or democracy that function poorly: can worsen plight of minority groups
- can increase political instability, crime and discontentment in poor countries meaning more civil wars are likely to develop- money spent on military rather than development
36
Give two social consequences for poverty in country such as Malawi
- Many developing countries don't have ability to combat HIV/AIDS
- Over 775, million in developing countries cannot read or write limiting their education and ability to work consequently reducing their overall income and resulting in further poverty: negative cycle of decline
37
Give an economic consequence of poverty in countries such as Malawi
Developing countries lack ability to pay for food, agricultural innovation and investment in rural development
38
Provide two environmental consequences of poverty in countries such as Malawi
- Poor farming practices lead to environmental degradation
- Lack capacity to adapt to climate change induced droughts
- Raw materials exploited with limited economic benefit to developing countries and little concern for environment
39
How many topology caused global inequality?
- if the land is too steep, it cannot provide lots of food
- Difficult to develop infrastructure, thus limiting trade and making it difficult to provide basic services
40
How many health impact global inequality?
- lack of clean water and poor healthcare means many suffer from disease
- Ill people cannot contribute to economy as they work less: less money available to spend on development whilst increased spent on healthcare
41
How many colonialism impact global inequality?
- often at a lower level of development when they gain independence
- European countries colonised much of Africa in 19 century. Controlled their economy, removed materials and slaves, and sold back expensive manufactured goods
42
How may political factors contribute to global inequality?
- corrupt governments can hinder development, using money needed for infrastructure or development
- Countries with poor global International relations are less likely to get trade agreements and loans to invest in developmental projects
43
What are causes of global inequality?
- climate
- topology
- Education
- Health
- Colonialism
- Politics
44
Who was Walt Rostow?
An American economist who worked in the US government of the end of the second world war. And communist, believed poverty was reason why China and other countries had overthrown governments and become communist.
45
When did Rostow publish his theory of development?
In 1960 published his theory usually named Rostow's model
46
What were the five stages of Rostow's developmental theory?
- traditional society: most people work in agriculture and produce little surplus
- Preconditions for takeoff: increase in manufacturing. Trading increases profit which are invested into new industries and infrastructure.
- Takeoff: growth is rapid. Investment and technology creates new manufacturing industries requires investment from profits earnt from trade.
- Drive to maturity: a period of growth. Economic growth extends to all part of the economy. New industries develop for consumer goods
- Drive to high mass consumption: economic system self sustaining as people byproducts and services, keeping businesses going. Welfare systems developed.
47
What and when was Frank's Theory of development?
In 1967 dependency theory was developed by the economist Andre Frank. He believed that development was about two types of global regions: core and periphery.
48
What is the core?
Represents developed nations such as North America, Europe, and Australasia
49
What is the periphery?
Consists of other areas producing raw materials to sell to the core
50
How have the periphery become dependent on the core
Periphery countries have sold raw goods and materials to the core developed countries becoming independent in trade to boost that economy in selling raw materials by exploiting natural resources and generally focusing on one industry.
51
How does the periphery benefit the core?
- Low value raw materials are traded between periphery and court.
- The core processes these into higher value products facilitating further development.
- Rich countries sell manufactured goods and services at high countries to developing countries
52
What is the criticism of Rostow's modernisation theory?
- lack of detailed explanation about progress of development between each stage
- Assumes that all countries start with the same resources and other geographical factors
- Many found it more difficult to take off the Rostow seems to suggest
53
Describe Frank's dependency theory (drawing)
- One large circle
- Outer ring is per periphery
- Middle ring is semi periphery
- Centre ring is core
- 2 arrows, goods from core to semi periphery and resources from semi periphery to core
- Two arrows, goods from core to periphery, resources from periphery to core
54
What are the criticisms of Frank's dependency model?
- Many countries in developing world that were never colonised remain poor, whereas some former colonies are now developed
- Countries that follow the socialist model have mostly remained poor
- some poor countries have successfully developed
55
What is globalisation?
The process by which the places in the world are becoming increasingly interconnected and interdependent as a result of the huge increase in the global trade of goods, global companies, movement of people and cultural exchange between different areas of the world.
56
What are TNCs?
Transnational corporation to companies that produce and sell products and are located in more than one country
57
How do TNCs increase globalisation?
- By linking together countries through production and sale of goods. They also bring the culture from their country of origin to many different countries.
- through FDI into manufacturing processes in foreign countries. Large companies move into foreign countries for manufacturing their product at a lower rate. More job opportunities- foreign economic growth
58
How may TNCs facilitate development?
TNCS also promote a culture of consumerism – where countries in emerging and developing countries start to earn money and then want to buy the products that they see in developed countries
59
What is bottom up aid?
aid is given to poor communities to ultimately aid the government in greater income from taxes
60
What is top down aid?
Aid is given to government to form schemes to ultimately benefit poorer communities
61
Give two positives for bottom up aid
- Planned and organised by locals
- Often uses intermediate technology
- Targets poorest areas
62
Give two negatives for bottom up aid
- Projects help small numbers
- Rely on voluntary donations- limited funding
63
Give two positives to top down aid
- benefits larger communities- provides jobs for local communities
- Other industries benefit- multiplier effect- as large infrastructure or government projects create immediate employment and stimulate related businesses.
64
Give two negatives of top down aid
- Schemes are expensive
- Locals have little say/ contribution
65
What are NGOs?
Non-governmental organisations- Operates independently to any government, purpose is to address social/ political issues
66
What are IGOs?
Intergovernmental organisations- An entity created by treaty, involving two or more nations to work on issues of common interest
67
What is intermediate technology?
Use of low-tech solutions using local materials, labour and expertise to solve issues
68
Provide one example of bottom up aid
NGO aid- ASTRA Biogas aid
69
Provide one example of top down aid
IGO aid- Sardar Sarovar Dam
70
What are the aims of the biogas generator?
- to reduce unpaid work for the collection of firewood before paid work for heating
- The source of biogas is simple and accessible in rural areas
- Helps families to use biogas for cooking using available resources, cow dung, and used for powering electricity at night- intermediate technology
71
What are the aims of the Sardar Sarovar Dam?
- aims to supply water to local communities and dry areas
- Use of natural reservoir
- Large profit for government in reducing energy used for electricity- can be used to invest in other developmental schemes and infrastructure
- Provides electricity to local communities
- Provides 3.5 billion litres of drinking water daily
- Network of canals used to irrigate farmland and areas suffering from droughts
72
What are problems with the Sardar Sarovar Dam?
- Local residents: Villages flooded, displacing people from of their local area
- Few rural families can afford price of electricity from the scheme
- Good quality farmland flooded
73
What is India's situation?
- Neighbouring Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Myanmar
- Part of G20 Commonwealth and the UN
- Surrounded by rich countries such as China, UAE and Indonesia
- 15 major sea ports and 30 International Airport
- trade links with other countries in the world
- Political links with other countries in the world and member of global organisations
74
What is India's site?
- in Asia
- Arabian sea, Bay of Bengal, Indian Sea
- Series of Rivers
- New Delhi, North India – Pakistan
- Area of 4,400,000 km²- approximate size of Europe
75
How is India politically significant?
gained independence in 1947:
- one legacy of previous British colonial lists is that most of India speaks English an important factor for India's integration into the economy
- india has split between traditional agriculture and urban India- one of the most industrialised areas in the world
- Exports more goods/services to India and encourage India development into UK
- world's largest democracy – 672, million registered to vote
- One of founding members of UN and G20- take part in peacekeeping missions
76
What is India's cultural significance?
- largest Muslim population
- Now has largest film in industry, Bollywood, producing over 1200 films per year
- Amongst the worlds most ancient cultures with Hindu civilisations tracing back over 5000 years
- Caste system – a hierarchical marriage system in which you must marry an individual of your own class/hierarchical status
77
What is India's environmental significance?
- richest biodiversity. Well, elephants and tigers are well known it's biodiversity include 6% of worlds birds and plant species. But exponential growth of population, economy and industrialisation threaten them.
- Worst environmental problems with land air and water pollution. India is the world's 3rd greatest emits of greenhouse gases
78
How has GDP in India changed since 1990?
Steady increase from 1950 increased rate from 1990 and then even quicker from 2000
Third largest economy
growth from $1.2 trillion to $7.3 trillion from 1991 to 2014.
79
How has India's economic sectors changed since 1990?
Services and industry have increased since 1950. Services have increased exponentially whilst in industry has increased steadily. Agriculture has rapidly declined causing a change in export materials and goods.
Services increased from 30% contribution to GDP to 59%
Exports changed from raw materials such as T and iron to petroleum packaged medicines and diamonds, facilitating economic growth
80
How has India's imports and exports changed since 1990?
Since 1995 importation has inclined exponentially supporting exportation since 2002. Both imports and exports have moved from raw goods to profitable services and goods. Import value is far greater.
India's value of imports has increased from $468 billion-$903 billion in 2021.
Exports and imports now include petroleum packaged medicine, crude oil, gold and diamonds
81
How has FDI changed since 1990 in India?
Since 1995 both inward and outward FDI stocks have increased exponentially, particularly for outward FDI facilitating economic growth and political significance
Since 2000-2014, outward FDI has increased from $1.7 billion to $130 billion
82
What factors have caused economic change in India since 1990?
Growing GDP
Changing economic sectors
Trade: import and export
Increasing FDI
83
Where does India's exports primarily go?
The majority of India's exports go to the west of India. This is evident through clusters of its exports in East Africa in Europe.
84
Where are India's imports primarily received from?
The boss majority of India's imports are from the US providing approximately 14% of all imports to India
85
What is a TNC?
A transnational corporation is a large company that sells products and goods that is based in one or more foreign regions
86
What is outsourcing?
Outsourcing is where a country moves surfaces overseas such as software development or school centres, because labour is cheaper
87
What's three types of outsourcing has India benefited from?
- call centres-most Indian call centres are graduated earning £3000 a year
- software development – universities provide technically qualified graduates who enabled BT to develop
- Company administration, e.g. accounting
88
Describe the involvement of BT – a TNC in India software development outsourcing
- Has Indian headquarters in New Delhi though it's software development takes place in Bangalore
- The Indian government offer reduced taxes to attract companies there
- Changes in communication technology help companies like BT making it easier to meet overseas to discuss work
89
Give 3 examples to how TNCs have increased transportation in India
- Aircraft: Imports from India by planes are 70x more valuable than those transported by sea. Airports also allow business leaders to arrive in India to invest in their TNCS
- Containerisation: Container ships from many sea ports are transported all over the UK. Mumbai has India's largest container port. 90% of goods transported by ship- having good ports facilitates greater trade
- Roads: from 1990 to 2012 India's road system has doubled in length from about 3,000,000 km. Investments have allowed people to move around faster and easier., Mumbai's Eastern Freeway
90
What role has governmental policy played in the development of India's economy?
- Facilitated rapid economic development
- Investing heavily in schools/ universities
- Building good infrastructure
- Pro-FDI policy
91
How are governmental policies in India facilitated rapid economic development?
Giving a receiving aid countries: India now sends aid to other developing countries such as Bhutan Nepal and Sri Lanka. India's one a few emerging countries to change from being aid recipients to a donor – improves international relations plus trade increases.
92
How have governmental policies in India increased investment in education?
India has over 1.4 million schools increasing literacy rate has contributed to economic and social development in India.
This means more people are working increasing money received in tax and greater importations/ exportation in secondary industries.
Improved education plus skills sector has increased foreign indirect investment
93
How have governmental policies in India increased building of good infrastructure
India has invested heavily into its road and railway network. It has largest railway network in the world.
Mumbai's eastern Freeway: Mumbai most internationalised economy – many major corporate headquarters. A 16 km freeway is being built to improve traffic and other transport demands connecting parts of the city.
94
What is the impact of governmental policies enforcing a pro FDI policy?
India has released investment rules to encourage more FDI. India emerged as industrialised country when economic reforms opened up the country to FDI – easier to forge international links.
95
How is globalisation facilitated development of India's economy?
- BT
- Increase in transportation technology
- Outsourcing
96
How has economic growth caused demographic change in India?
- Average age of first marriage
- Infant mortality decreased exponentially due to increasing urbanisation and access to healthcare
- Fertility rate decreased due to imcreasing involvement in services and employment
- Dependency ratio decreased
97
What two things has economic growth changed?
Demographic change
Industrialisation
98
What is an example of unequal economic development in India?
Maharashtra and Bihar
GDP per Capita:
Maharashtra: 104,000 rupees
Bihar: 27,000 rupees
99
What is an example of a developing country?
Malawi
100
What is an example of an emerging country?
India
101
What is a social differences between Maharashtra and Bihar?
Maharashtra: education take up is high population is talented. Good healthcare systems.
Bihar:
Caste system discourages social mobility
low school attendance – 1/3rd complete primary
Literacy rate is only 47%
Poor land owner ownership levels
102
How has Maharashtra position encouraged development?
The position of the capital Mumbai within Maharashtra has encouraged foreign direct investment, increasing employment in skilled secondary and tertiary regions thus facilitating economic growth as development mental investments further aid poor communities reducing inequality.
103
What is the multiplier effect?
When investment are the governmental or foreign direct investment, it is likely to facilitate economic growth and expansion through the multiply effect as it facilitates an encourages other things to happen which ultimately leads to development
104
What are the positive impacts of economic development and globalisation in India?
- All ages have better health- elderly people are living longer and infant and maternal mortality is lower
- Some groups have better education- higher education has given young graduates the opportunity to work in high paid ICT jobs
- More gender equality- women have better access to education and contraception and family planning reducing fertility rate
105
What are the negative impacts of economic development and globalisation in India?
- many young working men have to do dangerous jobs due to industrialisation, work conditions may be bad due to lack of regulation
- As young people move to urban areas to get jobs there are less people available to work in rural villages- children in rural area receive poor education due to lack of teachers
- Still lots of gender inequality- in many urban areas it is unsafe for women, when men leave to find work in cities, some women are allowed to care for and provide for their families
106
What are human health issues in India + reasons?
Air pollution- 620,000 deaths, Delhi's air pollution became world most polluted city
Water pollution- 80% polluted, untreated sewage flows into rivers, leads to disease
Deforestation/desertification- urbanisation, affecting livelihood and food
Greenhouse gases- Increase due to industrial growth and transport, creates unhealthy and potentially fatal conditions
107
What factors of India's economic growth have affected global climate change?
- Air pollution- increase an air pollution enhances the greenhouse effect resulting in increasing global temperatures
- Water Pollution- untreated sewage flowing into water bodies including rivers has caused environmental damage
- Deforestation/ desertification- will further challenge ecosystems and habitats, increasing consumption of resources and increasing carbon concentration of the atmosphere
- Greenhouse gases- steep rise in India's greenhouse emissions has enhanced the greenhouse effect, increasing global temperatures, threatening both ecosystems and coastal areas through the thermal expansion of water
108
What is geopolitical?
Politics, especially international relations as influenced by geographical factors e.g. India's relationship with the UN
109
What are superpowers?
A country or group that have a dominating power and influence anywhere in the world e.g. the UK has disproportionate impact in current affairs
110
How has the Multilateral Development Bank (MDB) helped India's future economic prospects?
By wanting to provide resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS countries
111
Why is it good that India is part of the G20?
It is good that India is part of the G20 as it promotes international discussion incorporation relating to promotion of international financing stability and security giving India a seat and a voice
112
Why is lending money to Asian countries a positive India?
Lending money to Asia reflect India's growing economic development and independence to support projects in foreign countries – FDI. This means Indian investment and influences being spread around the world.
113
How has a positive relationship and trade balance with the US helped India
- Ace on the UN security Council to discuss international peace and prosperity
- More influence in world bank International monetary fund and world trade organisation
- Opened a market for economic development of India
114
How does India want to improve its geopolitical influence?
 India wants:
- A seat on you and security council to discuss international peace and prosperity
- More influence in world bank International monetary fund and world trade organisation- this helps to further India's international significance facilitating further economic development and potential trade/foreign direct investment
115
What are the economic costs/ challenges of India's evolving international relations?
- TNCs don’t create stability for India’s economy – they could easily leave the country
- TNCs sometimes don’t fairly pay their taxes to the countries they manufacture in
116
What are the social costs/ challenges of India's evolving international relations?
- Inequality is high in India – some people have gained more than others through TNCs
- TNCs pay workers, but this is very low in comparison to the HUGE profits they make
- TNCs often use lots of fuel and water – denying local people these resources
117
What are the environmental costs/ challenges of India's evolving international relations?
Manufacturing TNCs give off huge levels of pollution affecting health of inhabitants
118
What are the political costs/ challenges of India's evolving international relations?
Some people think India is looking globally to expand trade/influence too soon, they should focus on their own problems of poverty/housing first
119
What are social benefits to India's evolving international relations?
Poverty levels fell from 37% to 22% in 10 years to 2015 – development is improving lives
120
What are political benefits to India's evolving international relations?
By joining G20, WB, ADB, IMF, NDB, India’s views/concerns can be brought to global attention
GCSE Geography
flashcards
Decks in class (10)
# Cards
-
Exam Structure5
-
Topic 4: UK's Evolving Physical Landscape152
-
Topic 1:Hzardous Earth101
-
Topic 598
-
Topic 639
-
Topic 2: Developmental Dynamics120
-
Topic 7: People And The Biosphere55
-
Topic 3: Challenges Of An Urbanising World107
-
Topic 9: Consuming Energy Resources68
-
Topic 8: Forests Under Threat101
