Topic 2 Organisation

Question 1

: What is the role of the digestive system?

Answer 1

: Break down large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble ones for absorption.

Question 2

What enzyme breaks down starch?

Answer 2

: Amylase, into maltose (sugar).

Question 3

Where is amylase produced?

Answer 3

Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine.

Question 4

What enzyme breaks down proteins?

Answer 4

A: Protease, into amino acids.

Question 5

: Where is protease produced?

Answer 5

: Stomach, pancreas, small intestine.

Question 6

Q: What enzyme breaks down lipids?

Answer 6

A: Lipase, into glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 7

Q: What is the function of bile?

Answer 7

A: Neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats

Question 8

Q: What type of system is the human circulatory system?

Answer 8

A: Double circulatory system.

Question 9

Q: Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?

Answer 9

A: Right side.

Question 10

Q: Which side of the heart pumps blood to the body?

Answer 10

A: Left side.

Question 11

Q: What are the four main blood vessels in the heart?

Answer 11

A: Vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, aorta.

Question 12

Q: What is the function of arteries?

Answer 12

A: Carry blood away from the heart, under high pressure.

Question 13

Q: What is the function of veins?

Answer 13

A: Carry blood to the heart, under low pressure, with valves.

Question 14

Q: What is the function of capillaries?

Answer 14

A: Allow exchange of substances between blood and tissues.

Question 15

Q: What are the four main components of blood?

Answer 15

A: Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma.

Question 16

Q: What are communicable diseases?

Answer 16

A: Diseases caused by pathogens, can spread.

Question 17

Q: What are non-communicable diseases?

Answer 17

A: Diseases not caused by pathogens, cannot spread (e.g. cancer, CHD).

Question 18

Q: What factors can increase the risk of non-communicable diseases?

Answer 18

A: Smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise, alcohol

Question 19

Q: What causes coronary heart disease (CHD)?

Answer 19

A: Build-up of fatty material in the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow.

Question 20

Q: How is CHD treated?

Answer 20

A: Stents, statins, lifestyle changes.

Question 21

Q: What is the function of xylem?

Answer 21

A: Transport water and mineral ions from roots to leaves.

Question 22

Q: What is the function of phloem?

Answer 22

A: Transport sugars (products of photosynthesis) in both directions.

Question 23

Q: What is transpiration?

Answer 23

: Loss of water vapour from leaves, mainly through stomata.

Question 24

What is the role of the heart valves?

Answer 24

Prevent backflow of blood.

Question 25

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right?

Answer 25

It pumps blood at higher pressure to the whole body.

Question 26

What are coronary arteries?

Answer 26

Blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.

Question 27

How are arteries adapted to their function?

Answer 27

Thick muscular walls, elastic fibres, small lumen, carry blood under high pressure.

Question 28

How are veins adapted to their function?

Answer 28

Thin walls, large lumen, valves to prevent backflow, low pressure.

Question 29

How are capillaries adapted to their function?

Answer 29

One cell thick walls for short diffusion distance, large surface area.

Question 30

How are red blood cells adapted to their function?

Answer 30

Biconcave shape, no nucleus, packed with haemoglobin for oxygen transport.

Question 31

What is the function of plasma?

Answer 31

Transports dissolved substances like glucose, hormones, urea, CO₂, and heat.

Question 32

What are platelets and what do they do?

Answer 32

: Cell fragments that help blood clot to seal wounds.

Question 33

What is a stent and what does it do?

Answer 33

A metal mesh tube inserted into arteries to keep them open and improve blood flow.

Question 34

What are statins and what do they do?

Answer 34

Drugs that lower blood cholesterol to reduce fatty build-up in arteries.

Question 35

What is a faulty valve?

Answer 35

A heart valve that leaks or doesn’t open fully, reducing blood flow efficiency.

Question 36

: How can faulty valves be treated?

Answer 36

With mechanical or biological replacement valves through surgery.

Question 37

What is heart failure and how can it be treated?

Answer 37

: When the heart cannot pump enough blood. Treated with donor heart, artificial heart, or medication.

Question 38

What are artificial hearts used for?

Answer 38

To keep patients alive while waiting for a transplant or to allow the heart to rest.

Question 39

Why are lifestyle factors important in non-communicable diseases?

Answer 39

Diet, exercise, smoking, and alcohol affect risk of conditions like CHD.

Question 40

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll in leaves?

Answer 40

Packed with chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

Question 41

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll in leaves? a

Answer 41

Air spaces allow gas exchange between cells and stomata.

Question 42

What is the role of guard cells?

Answer 42

: Control the opening and closing of stomata to regulate gas exchange and water loss.

Question 43

What is translocation?

Answer 43

Transport of dissolved sugars in phloem to growing and storage tissues.

Question 44

How is xylem adapted to its function?

Answer 44

Made of dead cells, hollow tubes, strengthened with lignin for water transport.

Question 45

: What is the main factor that drives water movement through a plant?

Answer 45

Transpiration pull created by water evaporating from leaves.

Question 46

How is transpiration measured in experiments?

Answer 46

Using a potometer to measure water uptake by a plant.

Question 47

What is the effect of increased wind on transpiration?

Answer 47

Increases the rate by moving water vapour away from leaf surfaces.

Question 48

What is the effect of high humidity on transpiration?

Answer 48

Decreases the rate because there is less concentration gradient for diffusion.