Topic 2 Structure and bonding

Question 1

1. What can link two atoms together?

Answer 1

a bond

Question 2

2. Which group of elements is stable and doesnt form compounds easily?

Answer 2

noble gases/group 0 in the periodic table

Question 3

3. How is an elements electron arrangement linked to its position in the periodic table?

Answer 3

Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.

Question 4

4. How do positive and negative charges affect each other?

Answer 4

They attract each other.

Question 5

5. Which sub-atomic particles of atoms take part in chemical reactions?

Answer 5

electrons

Question 6

6. What is an ion?

Answer 6

an atom that is charged because it has lost or gained one or more electrons

Question 7

7. What happens when an ionic bond is formed?

Answer 7

One atom loses electrons to another atom to form oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

Question 8

8. Which kinds of elements are usually involved in the formation of ionic bonds?

Answer 8

metals and non-metals

Question 9

9. How is a positive ion formed and what is it called?

Answer 9

formed by the loss of electrons; cation

Question 10

10. How is a negative ion formed and what is it called?

Answer 10

formed by the gain of electrons; anion

Question 11

11. What are the forces called that hold ions together?

Answer 11

electrostatic forces / electrostatic attractions / ionic bond

Question 12

12. Why do atoms form ions?

Answer 12

to become more stable (like a noble gas)

Question 13

13. Explain why group 1 elements such as sodium and lithium form a 1+ ion.

Answer 13

They both have one electron in their outer shell and lose it to become stable.

Question 14

14. What are the charges on calcium, oxide and chloride ions?

Answer 14

2+, 2- and 1-

Question 15

15. What structure of regularly repeating ions do ionic compounds form?

Answer 15

lattice structure / ionic lattice

Question 16

16. What is the formula of the nitrate ion?

Answer 16

NO₃^-

Question 17

17. What is the general name for a positive ion?

Answer 17

cation

Question 18

19. What is the general name for a negative ion?

Answer 18

anion

Question 19

19. What is the charge on the ions of elements in group 1 of the periodic table?

Answer 19

+1

Question 20

20. What is the charge on the ions of elements in group 6 of the periodic table?

Answer 20

-2

Question 21

21. What happens to the electrons in the outer shell of metal atoms when they form ions?

Answer 21

they are lost

Question 22

22. What is the name of the ionic compound containing calcium and bromine only?

Answer 22

calcium bromide

Question 23

23. What is the name of the ionic compound containing potassium, chlorine and oxygen?

Answer 23

potassium chlorate (any element combined with oxygen is an ___ate )

Question 24

24. What does a bond do in an element or compound?

Answer 24

holds atoms together

Question 25

25. What are electrostatic forces of attraction?

Answer 25

attractions between positive and negative charges (positive and negative ions)

Question 26

26. Which part of an atoms structure is most involved when two atoms react?

Answer 26

the electrons (because they are on the outside of atoms)

Question 27

27. How many electrons are in the outer shell of the elements in groups 5, 6 and 7?

Answer 27

5, 6 and 7

Question 28

28. What kind of electron arrangement is most stable?

Answer 28

a complete/full outer shell

Question 29

29. What is the molecular formula of the very common compound formed between hydrogen and oxygen?

Answer 29

H₂O

Question 30

30. How many more electrons does an oxygen atom need to get a complete outer shell?

Answer 30

2 more (it gains two electrons and becomes a 2- ion)

Question 31

31. What are molecules?

Answer 31

groups of atoms held together by (covalent) bonds

Question 32

32. Which type of atoms are covalent bonds found between

Answer 32

non-metal and non-metal

Question 33

33. What is a covalent bond?

Answer 33

a shared pair of electrons

Question 34

34. What happens to electrons between two atoms in a covalent bond

Answer 34

they are shared

Question 35

35. What kinds of elements usually form molecules?

Answer 35

non-metals

Question 36

36. What kinds of bonds are found _in_ molecules?

Answer 36

covalent bonds are found holding the atoms together in molecules (intermolecular forces are found between molecules)

Question 37

37. What is the name of the type of bond formed by sharing electron pairs within molecules?

Answer 37

covalent bond

Question 38

38. What term describes the number of atoms of each element bonded together in a molecule?

Answer 38

molecular formula (e.g. the molecular formula of a molecule of water is H₂O)

Question 39

39. In oxygen and carbon dioxide, the atoms share two pairs of electrons. How do we describe these bonds?

Answer 39

double bonds (represented by = in a displayed formula)

Question 40

40. What is the name of the force that holds _molecules_ together in gases and liquids

Answer 40

intermolecular force

Question 41

41. How strong are the forces of attraction between molecules compared to the bonds within molecules?

Answer 41

They are relatively weak. (Covalent bonds holding atoms together are strong / Intermolecular forces holding molecules together are weak)

Question 42

42. Are simple molecules usually good conductors of electricity at room temperature?

Answer 42

No, they are poor conductors of electricity (as they have no charged particles)

Question 43

43. In what types of bonds are pairs of electrons shared?

Answer 43

covalent bonds

Question 44

44. What are intermolecular forces?

Answer 44

forces of attraction between molecules

Question 45

45. Do simple molecules have strong intermolecular forces between them?

Answer 45

No. They are described as weak.

Question 46

46. Why are simple molecules poor conductors of electricity?

Answer 46

There are no charge carriers.

Question 47

47. What can you say about the formula of small, simple molecules?

Answer 47

They are fixed.

Question 48

48. What type of bonding is between the atoms in a molecule of water?

Answer 48

covalent

Question 49

49. What type of structure does water have?

Answer 49

simple molecular / simple covalent

Question 50

50. What strength of forces are there between different molecules of water?

Answer 50

weak (weak intermolecular forces)

Question 51

51. Does pure water conduct electricity?

Answer 51

no (Most water contains dissolved ions which makes it conduct. Pure water has no charge carriers)

Question 52

52. What type of structure do diamond and graphite have?

Answer 52

giant covalent, giant molecular

Question 53

53. What does the term malleable mean?

Answer 53

can be hammered or bent into a different shape

Question 54

54. What type of bonding does copper have?

Answer 54

metallic

Question 55

55. What atoms does metallic bonding happen between?

Answer 55

metal and metal (i.e it is found in metals!)

Question 56

56. What holds ions of metals together in a metallic bond?

Answer 56

a sea of delocalised electrons

Question 57

57. Why can metals conduct electricity?

Answer 57

electrons are free to move and carry charge

Question 58

58. What is a metallic bond?

Answer 58

the attraction between positive ions and delocalised electrons

Question 59

59. What are the particles inside a metal?

Answer 59

metal ions surrounded by sea of electrons

Question 60

60. Metals are ductile. What does ductile mean?

Answer 60

It can be drawn for example into wires