1
Q
what is sportsmanship ?
A
anyone taking part in sport must take personal responsibility and behave in a certain way which is fully compliant with the rules and the expected behaviours of the sport
2
Q
why are rules important ?
A
to make sure that play is safe and fair
3
Q
what often happens when players don’t respect the rules ?
A
they are penalised
4
Q
who makes sure the rules are followed ?
A
the sports governing body, and the officials during play
5
Q
why do players agree their own rules in informal activities ?
A
because they can make sport more inclusive but still ensures rules are fair and safe
6
Q
what is etiquette ?
A
unwritten rules or customs players should follow
7
Q
why is etiquette important ?
A
to uphold respect and fairness, and to help people play in the ‘spirit of the game’
8
Q
what is an example of etiquette ?
A
- acknowledging that a ball was out in tennis
- shaking hands with opponents before and after an important football match- regardless of the outcome
9
Q
what is an example of sportsmanship ?
A
- kicking the ball out when someone is injured and the other team giving possession back
- ## helping a rival player down when injured
10
Q
what is gamesmanship ?
A
players bending the rules and using questionable methods to gain an advantage
11
Q
what is an example of gamesmanship ?
A
- deliberately falling after being tackled in football whilst in the penalty box in attempt to get a penalty
- distracting an opponent, in cricket the bowler and fielders intimidating the batsman to distract them
- time wasting to prevent the opposition from scoring
12
Q
what kind of people often have more gamesmanship attitudes ?
A
- ego oriented
- extrinsically motivated
13
Q
what kind of people often have more sportsmanship attitudes ?
A
- task oriented
- intrinsically oriented
14
Q
what does ego oriented mean ?
A
comparing your performance to others
15
Q
what does extrinsically oriented mean ?
A
seeking external recognition, winning
16
Q
what does task oriented mean ?
A
focusing on your own improvement
17
Q
what does intrinsically oriented mean ?
A
driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task
18
Q
why do many teams play better when playing at home ?
A
they have more spectators supporting them which then motivates them to perform well as spectators often cheer and shout messages of support it usually has a positive effect on performance
19
Q
why does attracting spectators often help raise money for the club ?
A
- fans buy food/ drinks
- they buy merchandise
20
Q
how can negative spectator behaviour impact players ?
A
it makes them lose focus
it can make them angry causing them to get sent off
21
Q
what is hooliganism ?
A
when a group of supporters go to a sporting event to act abusively or violently before, during, or after play
22
Q
what are the 2 different types of hooligans ?
A
- the groups of people who enjoy the violence and fights associated with hooliganism and go to sporting events with the sole purpose of acting in an abusive manner
- the people that do not plan to get involved in violent behaviour but then get involved because they support their fellow fans
23
Q
why does hooliganism occur ?
A
- if there is a historical or political background to where the event is taking place, e.g, local derby where 2 teams from a local area are playing each other- the fans from both teams want to show they’re better than each other which leads to violence
- If an official makes a controversial decision, the supporters of the team that are negatively affected can become angry and more likely to get involved with violent behaviour with the opposing team’s supporters or towards the official
- If there is violent behaviour shown by the sports players during the event, this can lead to supporters becoming violent
- If alcohol is consumed by supporters, there is more chance of hooliganism, due to the nature of alcohol lowering the inhibitions of individuals
24
Q
what strategies are put in place to try and prevent hooliganism ?
A
- putting opponents on 2 divided sides of the stadium so they’re not near each other
- giving people designated seats so they are not in others ways
- more surveillance so police can monitor behaviour and get involved when necessary
25
what are the 3 Olympic values ?
excellence - someone doing the best they can, in sport and in life. It is about taking part and striving for improvement, not just winning
friendship - using sport to develop tolerance and understanding between all people – performers, spectators and citizens generally
respect - having consideration for oneself, others and the wider environment. It includes respecting the rules of sport and the officials who uphold them
26
what are the 4 Paralympic values ?
courage - someone rising above their circumstances and showing their true worth
determination - someone pushing themselves to the limit in order to achieve what they set out to do
inspiration - being a positive role model – someone using their achievements to lead the way for others
equality - recognising that people have equal worth whatever their differences and taking action to overcome prejudice and discrimination
27
how do sporting values inspire people ?
it inspires the community to develop their own sets of values
28
what is the contract to compete ?
a non- written and assumed relationship that all sports performers have with their sport and other participants, some argue it is the definition of sport
29
what are the components of contract to compete ?
- displaying sportsmanship at all times
- fully complying with all the rules
- showing etiquette to teammates, opponents and officials
- commitment to a level playing field for all competitors
- always trying your best
30
what behaviours disregard the contract to compete and is classed as cheating ?
- doping
- match fixing
- not trying - lets teammates, coaches down
31
give examples of athletes who used performance enhancing drugs and ruined their reputation
- Lance Armstrong - used blood doping
- Justin Gatlin
32
what are anabolic steroids ?
drugs that help rapidly increase strength and recovery from high intensity movements. They are typically used as a training drug.
33
give disadvantages of anabolic steriods
- cause severe mood swings
- when used in large quantities could cause heart disease
- in males could shrink testicles - testicular atrophy
- in females causes increase in body and facial hair
34
what are Erythropoietin (EPO)/ peptide hormones ?
natural hormones that causes the body to create more red blood cells, endurance athletes use these illegal supplements to boost their cardiovascular fitness, it is very difficult to detect in tests
35
what is are the disadvantages of EPO ?
- increases blood pressure
- reduces bodies natural capacity to make EPO
36
what is blood doping ?
removing then re-transfusing blood a few weeks later after the lost red blood cells have been replaced, it enhances cardiovascular fitness in short term
37
what are the disadvantages of blood doping ?
- risk of infections
- risk of illnesses
- increased potential for a heart attack
- could cause a blockage of a blood vessel
38
what are diuretics ?
drugs that cause the body to produce more urine, they can be used to mask the presence of other drugs like anabolic steroids, if you need to be a particular weight to compete, e.g, boxing, diuretics can be used to help an athlete lose weight
39
what are the disadvantages of diuretics ?
- illegal
- causes dehydration
40
what are stimulants ?
substances that can be used to increase alertness and improve performance in games by reducing reaction time, it helps to transport fat in the blood and decrease the impact of pain
41
what are the disadvantages of stimulants ?
- causes diarrhoea
- disrupts sleep patterns
42
what are beta blockers ?
helps calm performer down, slow down heart rate, reduces muscle tension, blood pressure, and the effects of adrenaline, they prevent hands from shaking - darts, archery
43
what is a disadvantage of beta blockers ?
- illegal
44
what are narcotic analgesics ?
painkillers which help injured athletes train and perform in big competitions despite their injury, or they allow an endurance athlete to tolerate a greater level of pain
45
what is a disadvantage of narcotic analgesics ?
- injury may worsen as they continue to perform
46
why do performers use enhancing drugs ?
- increased chance of winning
- to become famous
- to become wealthy
- because everyone else is doing it
47
what are the negative effects of using enhancing drugs ?
- health risks for an athlete
- ruins reputation of an athlete
- the athlete can be fined or banned from competing in the sport
- the athlete loses all credibility even after they return from a ban
48
what is aerobic respiration ?
respiration using oxygen to break down food molecules
49
what is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration ?
C6H1206 + 602 = 6C02 + 6H20 + energy released
50
where does respiration take place ?
in the mitochondria
51
what is anaerobic respiration ?
respiration without oxygen
52
what is glucose converted into during anaerobic respiration ?
lactic acid
53
what is a respiratory substrate ?
a substance broken down by respiration to release energy
53
what is the respiratory substrate in aerobic respiration ?
glucose - which is oxidised to release energy
54
what is the word equation for aerobic respiration ?
glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy released
54
what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration ?
glucose = lactic acid
55
what kind of exercise is aerobic respiration used for ?
low intensity for long periods of time- jogging & cycling
56
what is anaerobic respiration useful for in sport ?
it supplies energy very quickly, where activity only lasts a few seconds - vaulting in gymnastics & javelin
57
what kind of exercise is anaerobic respiration useful for ?
moderate to high intensity exercise, 400 metres run
58
why is lactic acid unhelpful ?
- it is a fatiguing by- product of energy
- causes pain and discomfort
59
what is oxygen debt ?
when the anaerobic systems need oxygen to restore them
60
what is oxygen debt referred to ?
EPOC
61
what is EPOC ?
Excess
Post- exercise
Oxygen
Consumption
62
what happens during EPOC ?
athlete breathes more deeply and rapidly than when at rest to take in additional oxygen to repay the oxygen debt
63
what is the oxygen breathed in from the oxygen debt used for ?
- maintain higher than resting breathing rate, heart rate, and temperature
- breakdown and oxidise lactic acid
- gradually reduce body temperature
- remove excess carbon dioxide from the body
64
what is the best way to recover after intense exercise ?
cool downs - time to rehydrate and refuel
65
how do elite teams sometimes recover ?
ice baths to prevent swelling and pain in arms and legs - blood flow is pushed to deep tissue, it helps flush out lactic acid and other impurities built up during performance
66
what happens immediately after exercise ?
cardiovascular, respiratory, energy, and muscular systems all work together to supply energy to the working muscles and remove waste products. When the muscles start to work, they need more oxygen so the respiratory system responds by getting more oxygen into the lungs. The blood carries greater amounts of oxygen and the heart responds to pump more oxygenated blood around the body. Immediate effects can be visible in hot, sweaty and red skin.
67
what are the short term effects of exercise in your cardiovascular system ?
- increase in stroke volume
- increase in heart rate
- increase in cardiac output
- increase in blood pressure
68
what are the short term effects of exercise in your respiratory system ?
- increase in breathing rate
- increase in tidal volume
69
what are the short term effects of exercise in your cardio - respiratory system ?
- increase in oxygen uptake
- increase in carbon dioxide removal
70
what are the short term effects of exercise in your energy system ?
- increase in lactate production
71
what are the short term effects of exercise in your muscular system ?
- increase in temperature of your muscles
- increase in pliability
72
what are the short term physical effects of exercise ?
- tiredness and fatigue
- light headedness
- nausea
- delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
73
what is delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) ?
when muscles experience pain for 24-48 hours after exercise due to microscopic tears in the muscle fibres, it typically follows a change in training or performance intensity and the muscles need to be rested while in this condition to avoid injury
74
why does exercise cause long term effects on your body ?
training around 3-6 times a week leads to adaptations to the body systems that are trained, which is often beneficial to everyday life
75
what are the long term effects of training with the cardiovascular system (aerobic) ?
- cardiac hypertrophy
- increased stroke volume
- decreased resting heart rate
- increase in maximum cardiac output
- capillarisation at lungs and muscles
- increased number of red blood cells
76
what are the short term effects of exercise with the respiratory system (aerobic) ?
- increased number of functioning alveoli
- increased strength of the respiratory muscles
77
what are the short term effects of exercise with the energy system (aerobic/anaerobic) ?
-increased production of energy from aerobic energy system
- increased tolerance to lactic acid
78
what are the short term effects of exercise with the muscular system (resistance)
- muscle hypertrophy
- increased strength of tendons and ligments
79
what are the short term effects of exercise with the skeletal system (resistance)
- increased bone density
80
what are the short term effects of exercise with fitness (resistance, stretching, interval) ?
- increase in strength
- increase in flexibility
- increase in muscular endurance
- increase in speed
81
what is hypertrophy ?
means an increase in size, e.g, muscle hypertrophy, your muscles get bigger
82
what is cardiac hypertrophy ?
where the ventricle wall get thicker and larger as a result of exercise
83
how is cardiac hypertrophy beneficial ?
muscle wall of left ventricle increases in size, meaning it can pump out more blood with each contraction which increases the stroke volume, as stroke volume increases, heart rate decreases but cardiac output is the same
84
what is capillarisation ?
where new capillaries are formed, it takes place at the alveoli in the lungs and at the skeletal muscle, this increases the amount of oxygen that can get to the working muscles and increases the amount of carbon dioxide that is removed
85
why do we collect data ?
- identify strengths and weaknesses
- establish baseline measurement
- aid motivation
- measure success of improvements
- plan targets/ short/long term goals
- monitor progress
86
what are the 3 factors in data ?
- physical
- social
- mental
87
why do we collect data before all the other aspects of the cycle analysis ?
because you can already answer your
- strengths and weaknesses
- measurements
- targets
88
why is it important to monitor your strengths and weaknesses ?
- so you know what they are
- you can create a development plan around your weaknesses
- you can select relevant approaches
89
why is it important to measure ?
- it gives you a baseline measurement
- you can compare future test results to starting results
- you can measure improvements
90
why is it important to set targets ?
- provides you with results you can use to set targets
- you can make targets specific and realistic
- you can be given a motivation boost to get started
91
what are the two types of data ?
- quantitative
- qualitative
92
give an example of qualitative data ?
a questionnaire, based on thoughts
93
give an example of quantitative data ?
standardized fitness test
94
what are the different ways of data collection, and give an example for each one :
- mental (sport competition anxiety test)
- emotional (performance profiling wheel)
- social (team dynamics questionnaire)
- physical- fitness (standardized fitness test)
- physical - skill (scatter diagram)
- physical - tactics(coach feedback)
95
what is quantitative data ?
factual data, based on results - numerical
96
what is qualitative data ?
data measured by thoughts and feelings
97
what is an example of a test in-between quantitative and qualitative data ?
performance profiling wheel
98
how do you know if the way you've collected data is right for you, your sport and your chosen factor ?
it is :
- practical (how easy it is to use, if its easy to identify the results produced)
- measurable
- reliable (can you trust the data, is it quantitative and factual, if it's qualitative can you trust yourself to be honest, is the opinion you have of yourself correct, will the data you get be enough)
- appropriate (to what extent of the data you are collecting are you interested in)
- valid (will you be able to defend the process you go through, will you be able to defend the location you did it in, will you be able to defend when you have completed it, will you be able to defend who your match was against)
99
what is an environmental stimuli ?
external factors, which performers cannot control which affect their skills, e.g, weather - gold player playing on a windy day
99
what are the 2 different types of environmental stimuli ?
- open skills
- closed skills
100
what is a closed skill ?
closed skills are skills that are not affected by the environment., they are usually self-paced and occur in fixed or predictable situations. The performer uses exactly the same technique every time and is in control of what happens next. An example would be a gymnast performing a floor routine
101
what is an open skill ?
open skills are skills affected by the environment. They are mainly perceptual and usually externally paced. They occur when performers have to make decisions and adapt their skills to a changing or unpredictable environment. The performer is not in control of what will happen next. An example would be making a pass in Ultimate Frisbee
101
what is an open skill ?
open skills are skills affected by the environment. They are mainly perceptual and usually externally paced. They occur when performers have to make decisions and adapt their skills to a changing or unpredictable environment. The performer is not in control of what will happen next. An example would be making a pass in Ultimate Frisbee
102
what does self paced skills mean ?
a skill that is initiated or controlled solely by the performer, vault in gymnastics
103
what does externally paced skills mean ?
a skill in which the timing and form are affected by factors outside the control of the performer, e.g, pass in netball
104
what is a skill in-between and open and closed skill ?
runner needs to be aware of others around them and get used to track conditions
105
what is a pacing continuum ?
skills range according to who controls the speed of the movement
106
what is a complexity continuum ?
skills can be classified according to how complex or difficult the movement is
107
what is basic skills ?
basic skills (simple skills) form the foundation of more complex skills. They do not include complicated movements. Basic skills are often generic to many sports. Sportspeople need to master basic skills before they attempt more complex skills. Examples of basic skills are running, jumping, throwing, catching and striking
108
what are complex skills ?
complex skills are more difficult. They include complicated movements that require high levels of co-ordination and control. They are usually sport-specific. Examples of complex skills are serving in tennis, throwing the discus in athletics and performing a vault in gymnastics
109
how do skills become mentally more complex ?
when there are more judgements, decision making and interpretations to be made
110
what is a gross and fine continuum ?
this continuum is based on the amount of muscle movement and precision required when performing a skill
111
what is a fine movement ?
fine skills involve precise movements using small muscle groups. These movements are performed with great detail and generally involve high levels of hand-eye coordination. A snooker shot or the hand movements when throwing a dart are examples of fine skills
111
what is a gross movement ?
gross skills involve large muscle movements. These movements are performed by the large muscle groups and are not very precise. They include many fundamental movement patterns such as walking, running, jumping and throwing. A tackle in rugby is an example of a gross skill
111
why is goal setting important ?
- provides focus
- gives motivation
- monitors progress
- gives success
112
what is a performance goal ?
a performance goal helps the athlete to focus on an aspect of performance that they are in total control of, it helps the athlete to focus in on details of the performance, not just winning and losing
113
what is an example of a performance goal ?
200 m sprinter trying to beat their personal best
114
what is an outcome goal ?
an outcome goal helps the performer to focus on the big picture of what they are trying to achieve, it is judged and about the result
115
give an example of an outcome goal ?
football team wanting to win the league
116
what does SMART stand for ?
Specific - states clearly the goal
Measurable - clear what success will look like
Accepted - decided on by all participants in the process
Realistic - know it's practical, steps can be taken to do it
Time-bound - state when it will be achieved
117
what is the information processing model ?
when sportspeople learn and develop new skills, the information processing model is a way to show how learning takes place
118
what are the 4 stages of the information processing model ?
input
decision making
output
feedback
119
describe the input stage
Input is the information that is received from the senses. At the cognitive (early) stages, this will overload the decision-making process. As the learner becomes more skilled they selectively attend the correct cues and information
120
describe the decision making stage
interprets the input using its short and long-term memory and decides what, when, where and how the learner responds
121
describe the output stage
is the action or actions that respond to the situation
122
describe the feedback stage
will indicate whether or not the response was correct and successful
123
what are the 2 types of feedback ?
intrinsic
extrinsic
124
what is intrinsic feedback ?
intrinsic feedback is what is felt by the performer during a performance. For example, a skier may feel that they don't have very good control of the skis when making a turn and can feel off-balance
125
what is extrinsic feedback ?
extrinsic feedback is provided by external sources, during or after a performance. It includes things that the performer can hear or see. For example, a wheelchair basketball player can hear verbal feedback from a coach, comments from teammates, the response of the spectators and the referee's decisions. The player can see where the ball goes and what the score is
126
what is feedback based on ?
- knowledge of results
- knowledge of performance
127
what is knowledge of results ?
knowledge of results focuses on the end of the performance, for example, the performer's score, time or position. It is sometimes called terminal feedback
128
what is knowledge of performance ?
knowledge of performance focuses on how well the athlete performed, not the end result. For example, a golfer may receive feedback that they have putted very well even if their drives were less effective
129
what are the advantages of intrinsic feedback ?
- helps the performer focus on the feel of the skill
- helps the performers to solve problems themselves
- helps performers to develop skills independently
- gives performers more time to practice
130
what are the advantages of extrinsic feedback ?
- provides new or additional guidance
- helps performers to identify problems
- offers solutions to problems
- prevents performers from reaching a dead end
131
what feedback would cognitive learners (beginner) use ?
when a performer is new to a sport, they may need more extrinsic feedback to start with. This helps them to acquire the basic skills. However, novices should also have time to practise on their own so they can begin to get a feel for and grasp those skills
132
what feedback would autonomous (experienced ) learners use ?
an experienced performer, who is familiar with the sport, will have acquired the basic skills. They may need more intrinsic feedback to refine and master those skills. However, experienced performers will also need extrinsic feedback to overcome persistent problems and to develop more complex skills
133
give an output example
the badminton player performs the smash, decision is sent out to appropriate muscles to carry out the action
134
give examples of athletes who use anaerobic respiration
- pole vaulter
- javelin
- 200 m runner
- sports with maximal efforts and short exercise
134
give examples of athletes who use aerobic respiration
- marathon runner
- cyclist
- jogger
- with oxygen
- prolonged exercise
- endurance events
- low/medium intensity exercise
134
give a decision making example
badminton player selects which shot to play from their memory, e.g smash
134
give a feedback example
if smash was successful from badminton player, crowd would cheer, boosting their confidence, encouraging them to use the shot more, if they failed the smash, they'd get feedback from coaches and train skill harder before attempting again in match
134
what is a skill ?
something you've learnt to do over time
135
give an input example
badminton player takes information from environment around them, e.g, if it's windy it would affect the shuttles movement
135
what is a fine movement ?
fine skills involve precise movements using small muscle groups. These movements are performed with great detail and generally involve high levels of hand-eye coordination. A snooker shot or the hand movements when throwing a dart are examples of fine skills
135
what is an ability ?
something you are able to do, something you have inherited
136
what is a fine movement ?
fine skills involve precise movements using small muscle groups. These movements are performed with great detail and generally involve high levels of hand-eye coordination. A snooker shot or the hand movements when throwing a dart are examples of fine skills
136
give examples of athletes who use anaerobic respiration
- pole vaulter
- javelin
- 200 m runner
- sports with maximal efforts and short exercise
gcse PE
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