first topic is
the modern pharmaceutical industry
what 2 bullet points are explained in the model pharmaceutical industry
types of company
challenges in the industry
prevalence aka,, widespread of diseases varies where
geographically and over time.
aka different areas and different time periods have different diseases
how does urbanisation and improvements affect the prevalence of diseases between locations and time
- there’s a fall in infectious disease
- increase in life expectancy
- there’s a rise in non communicable diseases (diabetes, cancer, mental disorders)
annual sales of a blockbuster drug
more than 1 billion dollars every year
why are block buster drugs attractive to industries
large return on investment before its patent runs out
favours certain diseases which may have large (aka wealthy) markets,, or they favour chronic diseases. aka u have to keep buying them.
aka blockbuster drugs are just drugs that make the industry a lotttt of money before it’s patent runs out
what do block buster drugs not favour
- drugs that only need to be used for a short amount of time
- rare diseases
- diseases that occur mostly in less wealthy countries.
aka blockbuster drugs don’t favour diseases that won’t make the industry a bunch of money.
drug discovery and EROOMS LAW
- drug discovery is more expensive and is slowing down
- lots of late stage failures
- low hanging fruit are exhausted
- there’s a lower risk tolerance meaning a higher bar for safety.
- the drug itself must be better than previous available therapies.
productivity has also decreased due to what
patent expiry
- once the company that spent loads to make the drugs patent expires,, many others can just make the drug and profit off it,, without having to pay loads for discovery processes.
- opens up competition between the original and cheaper generic versions
list a bunch of drug discovery organisations and what they do
- academia,, charities,, non profits
do technology like screening or synthesis, target discovery, parter up for clinical studies. - smaller companies
these are more focussed on one certain technology or disease.
list the 3 drug discovery organisations
- contract research organisations
CROs - contract manufacturing organisations
CMOs - contract development and manufacturing organisations
CDMO
contract research organisations
provide support services to the pharmaceutical industry
support services : screening, clinical trials, synthesis
Contract manufacturing organisations
manufacture APIs
formulation
packaging of drugs
contract development and manufacturing organisation
provide comprehensive development and manufacturing services
generic drug ssss
copy of a drug after it’s patent expired
same API as branded product
company avoids the research and discovery costs
some companies only specialise with what drugs
with generic drugs // over the counter drugs
- lower cost to develop (no r&d costs)
- less markups than branded product (can sell for cheaper meaning they can sell more)
- still requires manufacturing processes, quality assurance and authorisation
financing
- drug sales (from healthcare providers and patients)
- financial markets (bonds and shares)
- venture capitals
- governments and charities
summarise lecture 1
- pattern and type of diseases are changing around the world
- types of drugs are changing
- safe and effective drug development is time consuming and expensive
- pharmaceutical industry has experienced productivity challenges
- structure of pharmaceutical industry is evolving.
