Antibiotics
Medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body.
Clinical drug testing
Drug testing done on healthy human volunteers and patients.
Communicable disease
A disease that can be spread between individuals either directly or indirectly.
Double blind trial
A study performed where neither the researcher or patient know whether the patient is taking the drug or a placebo.
Gonorrhoea
A sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a bacterium with symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating.✢
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
An infectious virus that weakens the immune system and can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
Malaria
A disease caused by a protist that causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal.
Measles
A serious disease caused by a virus that shows symptoms of fever and a red skin rash.
Monoclonal antibodies
Antibodies produced from a single clone of cells that are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen.
Non-communicable disease
A disease which cannot be spread between individuals.
Non-specific defence
General physical and chemical barriers that defend the
body against lots of different types of pathogen.
Pathogens
Microorganisms that cause infectious disease.
Placebo
A substance designed to be indistinguishable from a drug being tested but has no actual effect on the patient.
Preclinical drug testing
Drug testing done in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals.
Rose black spot
A fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early.
Salmonella
A bacterial disease that is spread by bacteria ingested in food and can cause a fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea.
Side effects
Other additional effects that the drug has that are different from the expected effect of the drug.
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
A widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants which produces a mosaic pattern on the leaves and limits the plant growth.
Vaccination
The process of introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies.
White blood cell
An important type of cell that makes up the immune system and produces antibodies and antitoxins.
Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced
- specific antigen injected into an animal.
- B-lymphocytes produce complementary antibodies that get extracted.
- B-lymphoctyes fuse with myeloma cells to form hybridoma cells ( cells that divide and produce antibodies rapidly).
- hybridoma cells are cultured
- monoclonal antibodies are collected and purified.
what are myeloma cells
a type of tumor cell
use of monoclonal antibodies
- detection of pathogens.
-treatment of cancer
-location of cancer cells and blood clots - used in pregnancy kits.
what do pregnancy kits test for?
hCG in urine.
