What are the sources of carbon?
Autotrophs: - Self feeding - Obtain C from CO2 Heterotrophs: - Feeding off others - C derived from assimilated compounds eg glucose
What are different types of autotrophs?
Photosynthetic: - Solar energy CO2 + H20=>C6H12O6 + starch Chemosynthetic: - Chemical energy - From oxidation of inorganic moleculeS NH3=>NO2=>NO3
What is cellular metabolism?
All of enzymes catalysed reaction in cell
What are different forms of cellular metabolism?
- Catabolism
- Anabolism
What is catabolism - cellular metabolism?
- Degradative reaction of metabolism
- Larger compounds broken down into smaller compounds
glucose(6C)=>6CO2+6H2O
What is anabolism - cellular metabolism?
- Synthetic (building) reactions of metabolism
- Smaller compounds combined into larger ones
CO2+H20=>glucose=>starch
What is ATP hydrolysis?
How energy is released
ATP=>ADP+Pi+30.5 kJ
How is ATP generated?
Catabolism
What is the process of ATP generation?
Anaerobic - absence of O2: fermentation
- Glucose converted pyruvate => lactate or ethanol
Aerobic - O2:
- Glucose converted to pyruvate => CO2
- Both substrate-level & oxidative phosphorylation
What are the 10 steps in glycolysis (anaerobic)?
- glucose phosphorylated => glucose-6-phosphate
- glucose-6-phosphate isomerised => fructose-6-phosphate
- fructose-6-phosphate phosphorylated => fructose-6,1-biphosphate
- fructose-6,1-biphosphate cleaved => 2x 3 carbon molecules
=> dihydroxyacetone phosphate
=> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate - Dihydroxyacetone phosphate cleaved => glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- only glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate proceeds + is oxidised => 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
- 1,3-biphosphoglycerate dephosphorylated => 3-phosphoglycerate 1 phosphate group transferred ADP tp ATP
- 3-phosphoglycerate converted => 1 phosphate group group transferred - 2-phosphoglycerate
- 2-phosphoglycerate converted => phosphoenolglycerate
- phosphoenolglycerate dephosphorylated => pyruvate 1 phosphate group transferred ADP –> ATP
What is the mnemonic of glycolysis?
Good Gracious Fred’s Flipping Dog Got Betty’s Pooch Pregnant Phone (the) Pound
What are 10 steps in glycolysis?
- Glucose
- Glucose-6-phosphate
- Fructose-6-phosphate
- Fructose-1,6-biphosphate
- Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate
- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate => Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate => 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
- 3-phosphglycerate
- 2-phosphoglycerate
- Phosphoenolpyruvate
- Pyruvate
What is the fate of pyruvate?
- ethanol fermentation
- lactate fermentation
What is the mnemonic of the TCA cycle?
Pirates Are Coming In Kayak, Seriously! Swim Faster Man! Onwards!
What is TCA and oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic)?
TCA:
- all aerobic organisms release stored energy through oxidation of acetyl-CoA
O.P:
-H+ AND ATP synthase
- series of complexes transfer of e from e donors to e acceptors via redox reactions
What are the individual components and sequence in the mitochondrial ETC? and where in mitochondria?
NADH + H+ ↓ NADH oxidoreductase ↓ coenzyme Q ↓ cytochrome b ↓ cytochrome c1 ↓ cytochrome c ↓ cytochrome (a+a3) 1/2 O2 => H20
e removed
WHERE?
- INNER MITCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE
What is the total energy generation from glucose?
36 ATP
How does NADH go from cytoplasm => mitochondria?
Via G3P shuttle
