Topic 3.5 Cloning

Question 1

Clones

Answer 1

Clones are groups of genetically identical organism, derived from a single original parent cell. Various methods of cloning exist for animals and plants, while humans can also clone organisms tissue artificially.

Question 2

Animal Cloning: Binary Fission

Answer 2

• The parental organism divides equally into two clones.
• Occurs in flatworms (also used by bacteria and protists)

Question 3

Animal Cloning: Budding

Answer 3

• Cells split off from parent, generating smaller clones
• Occurs in Hydra, but also common to yeast

Question 4

Animal Cloning: Fragmentation

Answer 4

• New organisms grow from separates fragments of parent
• Common to Starfish and some species of annelid worm.

Question 5

Animal Cloning: Parthenogenesis

Answer 5

• Embryos form from an unfertilized (diploid) ova
• Occurs in some species of fish, insect, reptile, amphibian

Question 6

Animal Cloning Types

Answer 6

1. Binary fission
2. Budding
3. Fragmentation
4. Parthenogensis

Question 7

Human Cloning

Answer 7

Human can also produce clones via natural mechanisms.

• Identical twins (monozygotic) are created when fertilized egg splits in two, forming two identical embryos.

Question 8

Plant Cloning

Answer 8

Plants have the capacity for negative propagation, whereby small pieces of plant can be induces to grow independently.

A stem cutting is separated portion of a plant stem that is used to regrow a new clone via vegetative propagation.

• This is because adult plants possess totipotent meristematic capable of cellular differentiation.

Question 9

Artificial Cloning: Embryo Cloning

Answer 9

• Animals can be cloned from an embryo by separating the embryonic cells into groups
• As embryonic stem cells pluripotent, each cell can potentially form a clones offspring
• As this method occurs after random fertilization, it is not possible to control the genetic features of potential clones.

Question 10

Artificial Cloning: Adult Cloning

Answer 10

• Adults can be clones via the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
• The nucleus is removed from and adult body cell (diploid) and fused with an enucleated egg cell
• An electric shock stimulates division of the egg cell and the growing embryo is implanted into a surrogate