Topic 5 Flashcards by Aaron Bokole

Environmental factors that should be controlled when measuring rate of photosynthesis

Light intensity

Co2 CONC

Temperature

Water

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How are the products of the LDR used in the LIR to produce TP

ATP and NADPH

ATP provides energy

GP reduced to triose phosphate

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Describe the LIR

CO2 combines with RuBP

Produces 2 GP using Rubisco

GP reduced to triose phosphate

Using NADPH

Using energy from ATP

Triose phosphate converted to glucose

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What happens during photoionisation during the LDR

Light excites electrons in chlorophyll

Electrons are lost

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Why does student mark the origin line on a chromatogram in pencil rather than using ink

Ink is soluble in solvent

Ink and leaf pigments would mix

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Describe the method the student used to seperate the pigments after the solution of pigments had been applied to the origin

Level of solvent below origin

Remove before solvent reaches top

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What happens during the LDR

Chlorophyll absorbs light energy

Excited electrons removed from chlorophyll

Electrons move along carriers releasing energy

Energy used to join ADP and Pi to form ATP

Photolysis of water produces protons, electrons & oxygen

NADP reduced by electrons and protons

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How is ATP generated by light energy during the LDR

Light energy raises energy level of electrons in chlorophyll

Electrons pass down electron transfer chain

Electrons reduce carriers

Electron transfer chain associated with chloroplast membranes

Energy released

ATP generated from ADP + Pi

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How to use materials to separate pigments by chromatography

Draw origin on chromatography paper using ruler and pencil

Use dropper to add chlorophyll to origin

Add solvent below origin

Remove from glassware before solvent reaches end of chromatography paper

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Mature leaves from slow-growing, shade-tolerant plants produce poisonous chemicals that are a defence against being eaten by herbivores

Suggest how this benefits slow-growing, shade-tolerant plants

In the shade so slower rate of photosynthesis

Slow growing so would take a long time to replace mature leaves

Plants can maintain a large enough surface area for photosynthesis

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Why would a decrease in rubisco limit the rate of photosynthesis

Less carbon dioxide reacts with RuBP

Less GP

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Heat stress leads to a decrease in activity of rubisco

A decrease in rubisco activity would limit rate of photosynthesis

Why does heat stress lead to a decrease in LDR

Less ATP

Less reduced NADP

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Where is rubisco found in a cell

Stroma

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How do features of the calorimeter enable a valid measurement of heat energy released

Stirrer distributes heat energy

Insulation reduces loss of heat

Water has high specific heat capacity

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Atrazine binds to proteins in the electron transfer chain in chloroplasts of weeds, reducing the transfer of electrons down the chain

Explain how this reduces the rate of photosynthesis in weeds

Reduced transfer of protons across thylakoid

So less ATP produced

So less NADPH produced

So LDR stops

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What measurements should a student take to determine rate of photosynthesis

Oxygen production

AND

Time

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Factors to be kept constant when investigating photosynthesis

Light intensity

Carbon dioxide

Time

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Products of the LDR required for LIR

ATP

NADPH

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Stomata close when light is turned off

Explain why this is an advantage to the plant

Water is lost through stomata

Closure prevents water loss

Maintains water content of cells

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How can uptake of CO2 continue when the lower surface is sealed

CO2 uptake through the upper surface of the leaf

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If a student doesn’t use a buffer to maintain the pH of a solution what would happen to the pH of the solution during the photosynthesis investigation

pH increases

As more CO2 removed for photosynthesis

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Process of glycolysis

Phosphorylation of glucose using ATP

Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate

Net gain of ATP

NAD reduced

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Malonate inhibits a reaction in the krebs cycle

Why would malonate decrease oxygen uptake in respiring cell

Less NADH

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor

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In muscles, pyruvate is converted to lactate during prolonged exercise

Explain why converting pyruvate to lactate allows the continued production of ATP by anaerobic respiration

Study These Flashcards

Regenerates NAD

So glycolysis continues

Advantage of bohr effect during intense exercise

Increases dissociation of ocygen For aerobic respiration at the muscles

How can increasing the % of red blood cells in blood too much increase the risk of a heart attack

Causes blood to thicken The thickened blood slows blood flow

Effect of temperature on the rate of CO2 release

Enzymes faster Higher rate of respiration and CO2 production

How is acetylcoenzyme A is formed in the link reaction

Hydrogen removed from pyruvate and CO2 released Addition of coenzyme A

How does oxaloacetate enable acetylcoenzyme A to bind to the enzyme

Change in shape of active site Active site now complementary

Why does converting pyruvate to lactate allow the continued production of ATP during anaerobic respiration

Produces NAD NAD used in glycolysis

Respiration produces more ATP per molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen than it does when oxygen is absent Explain why

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor Oxidative phosphorylation provides most ATP

Units for gross productivity

Unit of energy, per area, per year

Biological molecule that contains nitrogen

Amino acid DNA ATP NAD

Biological molecule that contains phosphorus

ATP DNA RNA

Role of microorganisms in producing nitrates from the remains of dead organisms

Saprobiotic microorganisms break down remains into ammonia Ammonia into nitrite then into nitrate By nitrifying bacteria

Why may nitrate cause the death of fish in fresh water

Growth of algae Reduced photosynthesis so submerged plants die Saprobiotic microorganisms Use of oxygen in respiration Less oxygen for fish to respire

Process of glycolysis

Phosphorylation of glucose using ATP Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate by removing 2H+ Net gain of ATP NAD reduced

Where does glycolysis take place

Cytoplasm

Process of krebs cycle

Acetyl CoA combines with 4C molecule to form 6C molecule 6C molecule loses 2 CO2 and 2H+ ions to form a 4C molecule and a molecule of ATP due to substrate level phosphorylation Cycle begins again and 4C molecule combines with a new acetyl CoA

Where does krebs cycle take place

Matrix

Substances which have a net movement into mitochondria

Pyruvate NADH ADP Pi O2

Why is less ATP produced by respiration without oxygen

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor No oxidative phosphorylation Which produces most of ATP Only glycolysis takes place

Advantage of mitochondria in muscle cells having more cristae

More enzymes for ATP production Muscle cells use more ATP

Role of coenzymes and carrier proteins in ATP synthesis

H+ ions transferred from coenzyme to coenzyme in series of redox reactions Energy made available as electrons passed on Energy used to synthesis ATP from ADP and Pi Energy used to pump protons into intermembrane space Protons flow back through membrane

How does oxidation take place in glycolysis and krebs cycle

Removal of hydrogen By enzymes H accepted by NAD and NADH formed In krebs cycle FAD used as well

What happens to pyruvate in anaerobic conditions

Forms lactate Use of NADH Regenerates NAD

Why is anaerobic respiration advantageous to human skeletal muscle

NAD can be used to oxidise more respiratory substrate Can still release energy when no oxygen

Why would a fall in temperature affect rate of carbon dioxide production

Respiratory reactions controlled by enzymes Rate decreases as less kinetic energy Fewer E-S complexes formed

Why is ATP useful in many biological processes

Releases energy in small amounts Makes energy available rapidly Phosphorylates other compounds to make them more reactive Can be quickly remade

How is ATP made in mitochondria

ATP produced in krebs cycle Krebs cycle produces NADH and FADH Electrons released from NADH and FADH Electrons pass along carriers through series of redox reactions Energy is released Energy used to form ATP from ADP + Pi Protons move into intermembrane space Creates electrochemical gradient and protons diffuse down gradient through ATP synthase

Why is it important for plants to produce ATP during respiration in addition to during photosynthesis

In the dark no ATP production in photosynthesis Some tissues unable to photosynthesis ATP cannot be moved from cell to cell Plants uses more ATP than produced in photosynthesis ATP for active transport

How is acetylcoenzyme A formed in the link reaction

Hydrogen removed from pyruvate and carbon dioxide released Addition of coenzyme a

Similarities between photosynthesis and respiration

Both involve: Conversion of energy from one form to another Use and production of ATP Chain of electron carriers located on membranes Involves cycle of reactions Redox reactions involved Processes are controlled by enzymes Some common intermediates

Explain why the point of origin should be above the level of the solvent

Pigments are soluble in solvent So spots dissolve into solvent

Explain why a pigment may not move up the chromatography paper in one solvent

May be soluble in one solvent but insoluble in another

Rf value

distance moved by spot / distance moved by solvent front

How can pigments be identified

Compare Rf value to published value

Topic 5 Flashcards

(58 cards)